Index acculturation 156, 184, 188 Asiatic Barred Zone vii, 57, 70, 96, Act of Union 26 122, 125, 127, 130, 165 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves assimilate 8, 53, 55, 98, 100, 106, 166, 34 174–5, 184, 188 African-Americans 97, 166–9, 174–5 asylum-seekers 2, 79, 182 Africans 171, 177 agriculture 4–5, 57 Bayard-Zhang Treaty 50, 56 Alien and Sedition Laws 35 bias incidents 8 Alien Contract Labor Act 50–51 birthright citizenship vii, 16 Alien Enemies Act 34 Blockley Almshouse 36 Alien Friends Act 34 border walls vii Alien Registration Act 67–8 Bracero Program 67 aliens 5, 7, 35, 48, 81, 134 British Commonwealth 155 Amerasian Immigration Act 80–81 British Crown 27–8 American colonies 25, 28, 33, 180–81 Burlingame-Seward Treaty 16–17, 34, American Community Study (ACS) 2 49 American culture viii, 3, 16, 22, 98–100, 163, 165–6, 174–6, 178–9, Cable Act 67 184–5, 187–8 California state legislature 57 see also U.S. culture California Supreme Court 54 American Party 36–7 Carriage of Passenger Act 34 see also Know-Nothing Party Catholics 36 American public 8, 11, 81 Charity Hospital 36 American Revolution 26–7 cheap land 22, 25 American society 1, 8–9, 11, 13–14, 188 Chew Heong 16 American Trends Panel Survey 8, 11 Chew Heong v. US 50 Americanism 6 Chinese Exclusion Act 3–4, 16, 48, 50, Americans vii–viii, 4, 10, 53, 68, 186 54–6, 60, 64, 122–3, 125, 133–4, amnesty 8, 79 181, 183 Anarchist Exclusion Act 50–51 Chinese Exclusion Case 3–4, 7 anchor babies vii see also Ping, Chae Chan anti-Asian sentiment 125 Chinese immigration 55–7, 60, 70, 125, Anti-Coolie Law of 1862 34, 64 127, 181 Armed Forces Immigration and anti-Chinese sentiment 49, 54, Adjustment Act 80–81 56 Armed Forces Naturalization Act and Chinese immigrants 41, 48, 80–81 55 Asian Exclusion 53 and Chinese laborers 3, 37, 41, 48–9, Asian-Pacific Triangle 70 54–6, 156 Asians 97, 122, 166, 169, 171, 173, and Chinese laundries 55 176–7 Church of England 22 199 Roger White - 9781786435286 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/25/2021 11:30:34AM via free access M4433 - WHITE_9781786435279_t.indd 199 26/01/2018 15:02 200 Immigration policy and the shaping of U.S. culture citizenship 16, 33, 41, 56, 156, 165, economic opportunity 106, 178 180–81 economic prosperity 4, 26 City of New York municipal almshouse Edict of Nantes 25 35 Emergency Quota Act 2, 7, 65–7, 110, civil rights 16, 81 122, 125, 127, 130, 133, 181, 183 Civil War 22, 52 emigrate 25–7, 51, 56–7, 127, 160, Cleveland, Grover 3 180 Cold War 155, 160 English Catholics 22 Colonial America 22–3, 25–6, 28, 43, English Civil War 22 45 English Parliament 26–7 Colonial Era 1, 21–2, 28, 49, 180 English settlements 25 colonies 4, 22, 25–8, 33, 42, 154, 180 English settlers 25 Columbian Exchange 21, 180, 184 Enhanced Border Security and Visa Commissioner of Labor Statistics 58 Entry Reform Act 80 common border 106–7, 113 environmental issues 144 common language 106–7, 113 Equal Nationality Act 67 Conservative Political Action European immigration 5, 97 Conference (CPAC) 8 Europeans 3, 13, 21, 26, 70–71, 82, 96 contract laborers 51, 55 Evening Pajaronian 5–6 convicts 27, 48 Executive Order 9066 67 Coolidge, Calvin 66 Executive Order 13769 10–11 criminals 8, 26–7, 33, 35–6, 48, 181 Executive Order 13780 11 Cuban Refugee Adjustment Act 67 Expatriation Act 50, 156 cubic air ordinance 55 cultural assimilation 98, 176–7 family or communal obligations 147 cultural change 147, 185, 188 family values 144 cultural differences 100, 111, 134, 139, fertility rates 147 144, 147–8, 158, 161, 166, 175, 188 Filipino immigration 5, 7 cultural dimensions 137–40, 142–5, and anti-Filipino demonstrations 6 148–51, 158–9, 183–4 and anti-Filipino sentiment 5–6 cultural distance 123, 134, 137–9, and Filipino farm workers 5 143–4, 148–52, 154–61, 165–6, and Filipino Repatriation Act 67 176–7, 183–4 and Filipino workers 4–5 cultural evolution 1, 16, 165, 174 Fillmore, Millard 37 food, music, and the arts 11, 187 Deferred Action for Childhood forced laborers 4, 48, 181 Arrivals (DACA) 80 foreign brides 70 Democrats 11, 13, 82 foreign direct investment (FDI) 104, Department of Commerce and Labor 186 51 foreign-born population 11–15, 60, deportation 10, 35, 48, 56, 81 65–6, 73, 75, 77–8, 81, 103, 130, Dillingham Commission 50–51, 156 166, 170–74, 187 direct cost of migration 106 see also immigrants discrimination viii, 1–4, 11, 26, 49, 68 French Protestants 25 diseases 5, 21, 51, 180–81 displaced persons 70 G.I. Fiancees Act 67 Displaced Persons Act 67 Geary Act 50, 56, 120, 181 diversity visa program 79 gender roles 142–4, 147–8 Dunkers 25 General Court of Massachusetts 27 Dutch East India Company 22 geodesic distance 104, 106–13 Roger White - 9781786435286 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/25/2021 11:30:34AM via free access M4433 - WHITE_9781786435279_t.indd 200 26/01/2018 15:02 Index 201 German immigrants 41, 73 Hofstede measure of cultural distance globalization 178 138, 143, 150, 156–8 GLOBE measure of cultural distance and Individualism vs. Collectivism 138, 151, 158, 166 (IDV) 139–40, 142–4, 149–50, and Assertiveness (ASSERT) 143, 157 145–6, 152 and Masculinity vs. Femininity and Gender Egalitarianism (GEND- (MAS) 140, 142–3, 149–50, 157 EGL) 143, 145–6, 152 and Power Distance Index (PDI) and In-group Collectivism (INGP- 139–40, 142, 144, 149–50, 157 COL) 144–6, 152 and Uncertainty Avoidance Index and Institutional Collectivism (UAI) 140, 142–4, 149–50, 157 (INST-COL) 144–6, 152 see also Hofstede, Geert and Power Distance (POWDIST) Homestead Act 34 144–6, 152 homosexuals 147 and Uncertainty Avoidance (UNC- AVD) 144–6, 151–2 Illegal Immigration Reform and see also Project GLOBE Immigrant Responsibility Act 80 Gold Rush 41, 49, 123 immigrant inflow 1–2, 37, 58, 64–5, Grant, Ulysses S. 4 68, 82, 87, 95–7, 103, 107, 110, gravity model 15, 104, 114, 120–21, 113–14, 117, 121–7, 130–33, 176, 123, 182–3 181–2, 187 Great Depression 5, 68, 71 immigrants vii–viii, 1–5, 7–16, 21, Great Irish Famine 40 25–8, 33, 35–8, 40–41, 48–9, 51–5, Great Irish Migration 40 57–8, 60–61, 63–6, 68, 71, 73, 79, Great Migration 22, 60 80–82, 87, 90, 94, 96–8, 100, 1 Gresham-Yang Treaty 50, 56 03–4, 106–7, 110–11, 113–15, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 104, 117–18, 120–27, 130–34, 137, 108–12, 115–16, 118 155–7, 159, 165–6, 169, 171–2, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per 174–6, 178–88 capita 104, 106–7, 110, 113–14, and anti-immigrant acts 4 117, 119–20 and anti-immigrant feelings 5 and anti-immigrant isolationist habits 138 position 186 Hart-Celler Act 1–2, 16, 67, 79–82, 87, and anti-immigrant ordinances 55 97, 104, 100, 110, 121–3, 131–3, and anti-immigrant rhetoric 8 137, 139, 155–7, 159, 165–6, 179, and anti-immigrant sentiment 4, 182–5 37, 55 hate crimes 8 and anti-immigrant views 8 hate incidents 8 and anti-immigrant violence 17 Heaven 147 see also foreign-born population Hebrew 47 Immigration Act of 1864 34, 37, 64 Henderson v. the Mayor of the City of Immigration Act of 1882 48, 50 New York 49–50 Immigration Act of 1891 50, 181 Hindu 58 Immigration Act of 1903 51 Hispanics 8, 10–11, 13, 97, 166–77 Immigration Act of 1907 50–51 Hmong Veterans’ Naturalization Act Immigration Act of 1917 vii, 50, 57, 80–81 66, 68, 122, 125, 127, 133 Hofstede, Geert 138, 183 Immigration Act of 1918 50 see also Hofstede measure of Immigration Act of 1924 66 cultural distance Immigration Act of 1965 79, 179 Roger White - 9781786435286 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/25/2021 11:30:34AM via free access M4433 - WHITE_9781786435279_t.indd 201 26/01/2018 15:02 202 Immigration policy and the shaping of U.S. culture Immigration Act of 1990 79–80, 122, Jewish immigrants 22 132–3 jobs 5–6, 10, 148 Immigration and Nationality Act of Johnson-Reed Act 7, 66–8, 73, 78, 122, 1976 80–81 125, 130, 133, 181 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1990 79 Kennedy, John F. 71, 73 Immigration Reform and Control Act Know-Nothing Party 36–7 (IRCA) 79–80 see also American Party immigration restrictions 58, 156, 166 income inequality vii Labor Appropriation Act 67 Indian immigrants 58 laborers 41, 49, 57, 127 indigenous peoples 16 license fee 55 indirect cost of migration 106 Literacy Act vii Indochina Migration and Refugee literacy test 125 Assistance Act 80–81 infrastructure 48 Magnuson Act 67, 70, 134 Inglehart, Ronald 138 marital status 98 see also Inglehart measure of Maryland Colony 22 cultural distance Massachusetts Bay Colony 22 see also World Value Survey McCarran-Walter Act 1, 67, 70–71, Inglehart measure of cultural distance 110, 122, 125, 127, 131–3, 181, 183 138, 144, 147, 154, 160, 166, 176 Mennonites 25 and Survival vs. Self-expression Mexican Farm Labor Agreement 67 Values (SSE) 144–9, 153–5 Mexican immigrants 13 and Traditional vs.