Tobacco V2_http_608 7/9/04 11:43 AM Page 1 SCRIBNER TURNING POINTS LIBRARY Tobacco in History and Culture AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Tobacco-Vol-II_FM.qxd 23/07/2004 14:27 Page ii Tobacco in History and Culture AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Editorial Board Editor in Chief JORDAN GOODMAN Honorary Research Fellow Wellcome Trust Centre University College, London Board Members MARCY NORTON Assistant Professor of History George Washington University MARK PARASCANDOLA Cancer Prevention Fellow National Cancer Institute ii Tobacco V2_http_608 7/9/04 11:43 AM Page 3 SCRIBNER TURNING POINTS LIBRARY Tobacco in History and Culture AN ENCYCLOPEDIA JORDAN GOODMAN Editor in Chief VOLUME 1 2 Native Americans– Zimbabwe Index Tobacco-Vol-II_FM.qxd 23/07/2004 14:27 Page iv Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia Jordan Goodman © 2005 by Thomson Gale, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED For permission to use material from this a part of the Thomson Corporation. 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Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Tobacco-Vol-II_FM.qxd 23/07/2004 14:27 Page v Tobacco in History and Culture AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Contents Color Plates Body 81 F Botany (History) 85 Film 231 EIGHT PAGES OF COLOR Brazil 88 Fire Safety 238 PLATES APPEAR NEAR THE British American Tobacco 92 CENTER OF EACH VOLUME French Empire 240 British Empire 96 G Volume 1 C Genetic Modification 245 Preface ix Calumets 103 Gitanes/Gauloises 248 Timeline xiii Camel 105 Globalization 251 Caribbean 107 A H Chemistry of Tobacco and Tobacco Addiction 1 Hallucinogens 259 Smoke 111 Additives 6 Chesapeake Region 117 Advertising 11 I Chewing Tobacco 125 Advertising Restrictions 19 Industrialization and China 129 Africa 23 Technology 261 Christianity 135 Age 31 Insurance 267 Cigarettes 144 Air Travel 33 Intellectuals 270 Cigars 150 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Iranian Tobacco Protest Class 153 Drugs 35 Movement 272 Connoisseurship 155 American Tobacco Company 42 Islam 274 Consumption (Demographics) 167 Antismoking Movement Before 1950 45 Cuba 186 J Antismoking Movement From Japan 277 1950 51 D Judaism 281 Antismoking Movement in Developing Countries 193 K France 59 Disease and Mortality 199 Kentucky 285 Appetite 61 Doctors 214 Kretek 287 Archaeology 66 Documents 216 Architecture 71 Dutch Empire 219 L Arents Collection 73 Labor 291 B E “Light” and Filtered Bad Habits in America 77 English Renaissance Tobacco 223 Cigarettes 298 Black Patch War 80 Ethnicity 226 Literature 302 v Tobacco-Vol-II_FM.qxd 23/07/2004 14:27 Page vi CONTENTS Litigation 307 Plantations 423 Sports 597 Lobbying 314 Politics 428 State Tobacco Monopolies 599 Lucky Strike 318 Portuguese Empire 440 Lung Cancer 320 Processing 447 T Product Design 450 Taxation 603 M Prohibitions 456 Therapeutic Uses 609 Marketing 327 Psychology and Smoking Tobacco as an Ornamental Marlboro 337 Behavior 467 Plant 616 Mayas 339 Public Relations 473 Tobacco Control in Medical Evidence (Cause Australia 619 and Effect) 343 Q Tobacco Control in the United Menthol Cigarettes 348 Quitting 481 Kingdom 622 Mexico 350 Quitting Medications 488 Tobacco Industry Science 625 Middle East 355 Tobacco Mosaic Virus 628 Missionaries 360 R Toxins 630 Music, Classical 364 Regulation of Tobacco Products in Trade 634 the United States 491 Music, Popular 369 Retailing 496 U United States Agriculture 653 Volume 2 S “Safer” Cigarettes 505 Timeline vii V Sailors 509 Virginia Slims 663 Secondhand Smoke 512 N Visual Arts 665 Native Americans 375 Shamanism 517 Sharecroppers 522 Nazi Germany 382 W Slavery and Slave Trade 525 New Deal 385 Warning Labels 675 Smoking Clubs and Nicotine 387 Women 679 Rooms 533 O Smoking Restrictions 535 Y Oceania 393 Smuggling and Contraband 542 Youth Marketing 689 Opium 396 Snuff 547 Youth Tobacco Use 694 Origin and Diffusion 397 Social and Cultural Uses 551 Soldiers 568 Ostracism 403 Z South and Central America 570 Zimbabwe 699 P South Asia 575 Philip Morris 407 South East Asia 579 Philippines 410 Spanish Empire 585 Contributors List 703 Pipes 414 Sponsorship 593 Index 707 vi Tobacco in History and Culture AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Tobacco-Vol-II_FM.qxd 23/07/2004 14:27 Page vii Tobacco in History and Culture AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Timeline C. 50,000 B.C.E.: Australia popu- “Christians” and black slaves as tobacco in any form before saying lated. Humans there may have well. mass, under threat of excommu- begun chewing tobacco species: nication. Nicotiana. gossei, N. ingulba, N. 1535: Jacques Cartier encounters simulans, N. benthamiana, N. cav- natives using tobacco on the 1585: Francis Drake expedition icola, N. excelsior, N. velutina, and island of Montreal. trades for tobacco with Island N. megalosiphon. Caribs of Dominica. 1555: Franciscan Friar André C. 15,000–10,000 B.C.E.: Americas Thevet of Angoul˚eme (France) 1587: Gilles Everard’s De herba south of the Arctic populated. witnesses Brazil’s Tupinamba panacea (Antwerp) is first publica- Humans there may have begun to Indians smoking tobacco; follow- tion devoted entirely to tobacco. pick and use wild tobacco species. ing year sows tobacco seeds in France. 1588: Thomas Hariot publishes A C. 5000 B.C.E.: Maize-based agri- Brief and True Report of the New culture develops in central 1560: Jean Nicot, France’s ambas- Found Land of Virginia, in which Mexico, probable beginnings of sador to Portugal, writes of he describes Virginia native people tobacco cultivation as well. tobacco’s medicinal properties, smoking tobacco. describing it as a panacea. Nicot C. 1400–1000 B.C.E.: Remains of sends rustica plants to French 1595: Anthony Chute publishes cultivated and wild tobacco dating court. Tabacco, the first book in the Eng- from this period have been found lish language devoted to the sub- in High Rolls Cave in New Mexico. 1561: Nicot sends snuff to ject of tobacco. Dates established by radiocarbon Catherine de Medici, the Queen methods. Mother of France, to treat her son 1600: Franciscan missionary pres- Francis II’s migraine headaches. ents tobacco seeds and tobacco 1492: Columbus sees Taíno (Indi- tincture to Tokugawa Ieyasu, ans of Greater Antilles) with 1565: Sir John Hawkins’s expedi- who will become Shogun of leaves that are probably tobacco. tion observes Florida natives Japan in 1603. Two men among Columbus’s using tobacco. crew explore the interior of Cuba 1603: Spanish colonies of Cumaná and see people smoking. 1571: Publication of Nicolas Monar- and Caracas (Venezuela) produce des’s Segunda parte del libro, de las 30,000 pounds of tobacco. 1518: Juan de Grijalva, leader of cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias expedition to Yucatan and Gulf of Occidentales, que sirven al uso de 1604: King James I publishes A Mexico, accepts offerings of cigars medicina [The second part of the Counterblaste to Tobacco, in which or pipes. book of the things brought from he condemns tobacco smoking as our Occidental Indies which are unhealthy, dirty, and immoral. 1535: Publication of Gonzalo Fer- used as medicine], which has the nández de Oviedo’s Historia gen- most extensive and positive descrip- 1606: King of Spain prohibits the eral de las Indias, which has first tion of tobacco to that date. cultivation of tobacco in Carib- published reference to tobacco. It bean and South America to condemns it as a “vile vice” but 1583: Council of Lima declares thwart contraband trade between also notes that the habit spread to that priests cannot consume Spanish settlers and English and vii Tobacco-Vol-II_FM.qxd 23/07/2004 14:27 Page viii TIMELINE Dutch traders. Edict rescinded in for processing pipe tobacco, 1890–1892: Popular revolts 1612. cigars, and snuff. P. Lorillard is the against imposition of British- oldest tobacco company in the controlled monopoly on sale of 1607: Inhabitants of Sierra Leone United States. tobacco take place in Iran. seen sowing tobacco. 1794: U.S. Congress passes the 1899: Lucy Payne Gaston founds 1607: Jamestown, the first per- first federal excise tax on snuff, the Chicago Anti-Cigarette manent English colony in the leaving chewing and smoking League, which grows by 1911 to Americas, is founded.