Copyright © 2021 University of Bucharest Rom Biotechnol Lett. 2021; 26(3): 2567-2586 Printed in Romania. All rights reserved doi: 10.25083/rbl/26.3/2567.2586 ISSN print: 1224-5984 ISSN online: 2248-3942 Received for publication, January, 9, 2021 Accepted, February, 15, 2021 Review A Review: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Biotechnology CATERINA TOMULESCU1,2, MIȘU MOSCOVICI1, IRINA LUPESCU1,3, ROXANA MĂDĂLINA STOICA1, ADRIAN VAMANU2 1National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research & Development, ICCF Bucharest, Romania 2University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania 3“Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest, Romania Abstract Biotechnology, molecular biology and genetic engineering, and bioprospecting play a crucial role in our common future, enabling industrially important microorganisms to ensure sustainable products (fuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food, drug delivery systems, medical devices etc.) and new bioeconomic opportunities. Biotechnological applications are able to provide cost-effective green alternatives to conventional industrial processes, which are currently affecting the nature and biodiversity. Klebsiella species are among the well-studied microbes both in medicine field, as ones of the most resilient opportunistic pathogens, and in industry, due to their promising biochemical properties, and their potential as better hosts than other microorganisms, for i.e. in genetic manipulation. Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae are ubiquitously found in natural environments, but also as commensals in the human gut, and associated with a high-resistance to the first-line antibiotics. However, these specific strains are continuously isolated and studied for different industrial purposes (i.e. bulk chemicals and biofuels production, medical diagnosis, nanoparticles and exopolysaccharides synthesis, plant growth promoting activities, bioremediation and biodegradation agents etc.), and scientific results regarding their biotechnological potential could generate big impact for global bioeconomy development. Recently, research in synthetic biology gained a lot of attention, and new techniques highlight ways to reprogramme these microbial cells in view of high-yield or high-quality new chemicals obtainment. Therefore, some scientific research niches are emerging in biotechnology, and unknown metabolic pathways and genes are identified and further studied, to provide alternative solutions to the global challenges. Keywords Biotechnology, Klebsiella, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae. To cite this article: TOMULESCU C, MOSCOVICI M, LUPESCU I, STOICA RM, VAMANU A. A Review: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Biotechnology. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 2021; 26(3): 2567-2586. DOI: 10.25083/rbl/26.3/2567.2586 *Corresponding author: CATERINA TOMULESCU, National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research & Development, ICCF Bucharest, Romania 112, Vitan Av., RO-031299, Bucharest 3, Romania E-mail: [email protected] CATERINA TOMULESCU et al 2012; SINGH et al, 2013; BARCELOS et al, 2018; Introduction VLADU et al, 2019). Another important area is green biotechnology, Worldwide, there is a major interest to search for mainly related to agriculture and environment, having some novel materials based on natural resources, and bio- important applications in the field, such as: genetically technology is considered a key tool for sustainable modified organisms, transgenic organisms, biopolymers of development, due to its contribution in a wide range of plant origin, seeds, and trees or their exudates, etc. Blue industrial sectors. Developing bio-based products and biotechnology is the next area worth to be mentioned, and bioprocesses which can compete in the market with those it is related to the exploration of marine resources, with derived from chemicals, represents a challenge for the 21st important applications in the pharmaceutical and energy century (OECD). Since the 80s and 90s, the interest for fields, continuously offering new products with anti- biotechnology and bioeconomy had grown, and new gene- oxidant, antimicrobial, or antitumor activities, cosmetics, ration of technologies emerged into industry. Nowadays, additives and pigments, biofuels etc. (BARCELOS et modern biotechnology, the developments in the genetics al, 2018). and molecular biology changed many perceptions and play Microbial diversity has been intensively explored for key roles in the new era of sustainable economy, delivering years, but scientific progress and the recently availability of revolutionary new products and services. A global bio- genomic data made bioprospectation a promising research based economy, with benefits for human well-being and field, in the context that Earth is a home for more than environment is eagerly desired, because at the present, 1 trillion microbial species. Therefore, discovering microbial most of the economic sectors depend on energy and materials originating from carbon sources. In this context, communities represents an advantageous opportunity for the application of biotechnology proves to successfully the sustainable development of biotechnological industries replace many unsustainable products or to provide inno- (TANNER and VILANOVA, 2017). Microorganisms are vative solutions in various fields, such as: food and feed, a valuable resource for novel compounds, bioactive natural chemicals, agriculture, environment, detergents, textiles, products, new drugs for the emerging human diseases, pulp and paper, polymers, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and for innovative approaches of genetic engineering. etc. (SINGH et al, 2013). Considering the advances made in the last two decades, a A “Rainbow code” for biotechnology classification revitalized interest for bacterial secondary metabolites is was published in 2012, to describe the specific areas of observed, and a new market is opening for the development biotechnological focus using colors, as follows: white for in the fields of genetics, genomics, metabolic engineering, biotech industry and environmental engineering; gray bioinformatics and synthetic biology. Bioprospecting for for environment (traditional fermentations); green for microbial-based products, including the discovery of the agriculture; red for medicine and human health; blue wide diversity of microbes and describing their ecology, for aquatic resources; brown for dessert and arid lands; represent one of the key areas for the future of biotech- yellow for nutrition, and considered the oldest branch of nological applications, which looks bright (SEKUROVA biotechnology (recently, insect biotechnology for drug et al, 2019). discovery has been coded yellow); gold for bioinformatics; Bioprospecting of new isolates for antibiotics, poly- violet for law, ethical and philosophic domains; dark for saccharides and enzymes discoveries, with applications in bioterrorism and biological weapons (KAFAESKI, 2012; food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agricultural, medical and BARCELOS et al, 2018). chemical industries, benefits from an increased worldwide Among all these fields, white biotechnology, known interest. as industrial biotechnology is considered the biggest One of the global crises is considered to be antibiotic branch, and a component of the “green chemistry”. It refers resistance among bacterial pathogens, and it highlights an to the application of bio-based products (biochemicals, urgent need to identify novel drugs (STOICA et al, 2019). biomaterials and biofuels) which can replace the petroleum- The majority of discoveries in this field were made during derived chemicals, and also to the biocatalysis processes in the ‘50s-‘70s, and with time, a skepticism from the industry. In the biotechnology, microorganisms constitute pharmaceutical companies related to natural products was a well-studied base for industrial applications, with origins observed; despite of this, scientific community proved in antiquity. Some of the most known industrial biotech- that new efficient drugs can be obtained (i.e recently, nological products which are commercially produced or bioprospecting human microbiota lead to the discovery of aimed for further development and utilization, demonstra- two new antibiotics: lugdunin, which is active against ting a scientific progress towards a modern and environ- Gram-positive strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, mentally-friendly economy, are considered the followings: and lactocillin, active against vaginal pathogenic bacteria) biodegradable polymers (biopolyesters, polylactic acid, poly- (SEKUROVA et al, 2019). There is a wide known acronym hydroxybutyric acid – PHB or polyhydroxyalcanoates – for the pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections, PHAs, which are similar to petroleum derived polymers; especially in the US, namely ESKAPE, which refers to: diols; dicarboxylic acids; amino acids; hydroxyalkanoic Enterococcus faecium, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, acid); enzymes (amylases, lipases, proteases, cellulases, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa oxidases, beta-xylanases); food additives (flavours); sur- and Enterococcus spp. (MARCOLEFAS et al, 2019). factants; fine chemicals; biofuels, and others (KAFAESKI, To counteract the effects of their antibiotic resistance, 2568 A Review: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Biotechnology researchers focused on studying these pathogenic strains, was described and named K. pneumoniae by Trevisan, their multi-drug resistance, and innovative discoveries