i UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH Edinburgh Theoretical Approaches to the Soundscapes of Miyasaki’s Kiki’s Delivery Service Dubs This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the MMus in Musicology in the University of Edinburgh, College of Arts under the supervision of Dr Annette Davison Word Count: 14.901 Daniela Montoya Rodriguez1 19 August 2019 1 Beneficiaria COLFUTURO 2018 ii Abstract Changing the soundscape in a translation of a film is not a usual practice. The main reason why dubbing companies avoid modifying the soundscape is because the acoustic aspects of an audiovisual product can deeply affect how it is read and interpreted. From1960 until 2000, however, it was common for dubbing companies to hire a composer to re-score and localize (adapt the product to the local culture) the soundscapes of Japanese animations. Miyasaki’s film Majo No Takkyubin [Kiki’s Delivery Service] is an excellent case study of this phenomenon since it has an English dubbed version released by Disney in 1998 and another one released in 2010. The use of an interdisciplinary approach between translation studies, musicology and film studies in the analysis and comparison of the soundscapes of the original film and its dubs evidence the correlation between the norms and convention that dictated the localization of the script and the acoustic aspects of the soundscape (music cues and sound effects). The first section of the dissertation delves into theoretical concepts of translation studies and audiovisual translation studies while the following section explains the conventions and norms that influenced the translation of animes in the U.S. The last section applies the concepts explained in the previous sections to the analysis of the study case as an example of the benefits that introducing a translation framework can bring to the understanding of how extra-musical and extra-textual cultural convention can influence the composing and recomposing of audiovisual soundscapes. This dissertation uses video examples included in the digital platform that include comparisons between the same segment of the different versions of the case study. However, there are written descriptions of the examples for those who can not access the videos. 3 Contents List of Examples............................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Translation Theories ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Fundamental concepts .............................................................................................................................. 5 Pragmatics ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Global Market ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Analysis Strategies .................................................................................................................................... 8 Macro-textual strategies ........................................................................................................................... 8 Micro-textual Strategies ........................................................................................................................... 9 AVT Theories ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Fundamentals ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Industry ................................................................................................................................................... 13 Signifying codes ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Cultural references and Ideologies ......................................................................................................... 15 Anime .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Anime history in the United States ......................................................................................................... 17 Translating anime........................................................................................................................................ 19 Effects on the soundscape ...................................................................................................................... 20 Dubbing Kiki ............................................................................................................................................ 21 Hisaishi ........................................................................................................................................................ 23 Kiki ............................................................................................................................................................... 26 Kiki in Previous Scholarship..................................................................................................................... 26 Intro analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 27 Verbal non-linguistic aspects .................................................................................................................. 28 Localizing strategies used by Chihara ..................................................................................................... 29 Segmentation .......................................................................................................................................... 30 Synchronization ...................................................................................................................................... 33 Fillings ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 Musical commentaries ............................................................................................................................ 36 Leitmotifs ................................................................................................................................................ 37 Replacements .......................................................................................................................................... 39 Analysis Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 39 4 The 2010 version ..................................................................................................................................... 40 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 41 Appendix #1- Timetable Comparison between the 1989 and 1998 versions of Kiki .................................. 43 Appendix #2 Kiki’s Delivery Service Versions Table .................................................................................... 48 Appendix# 3 Majo No Takkyubin Musical Cues .......................................................................................... 49 Appendix # 4 Majo no Takkyuubin Imeeji Arubamu [Kiki's Delivery Service Image Album] ..................... 51 Appendix #5 Lyrics Comparison .................................................................................................................. 53 Yumi Matsumoto- Yasashisa ni tsutsumareta nara ................................................................................... 54 Interlineal transaltion- Engulfed in Gentleness .......................................................................................... 54 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 56 Filmography ................................................................................................................................................ 58 1 List of Examples Table #1. Micro-contextual strategies. Image #1. Cover images of left to right, a) Majo No Takkyubin. b) Kiki’s Delivery Service (1998) and c) Kiki’s Delivery Service (2010). Image #2. Cover image of Warrior of the Wind (1985). Image #3. Photo of Joe Hisaishi. Image #4. Kiki’s Delivery Service. Kiki lying in the grass at the beginning of the film. Image #5. Kiki’s Delivery Service. Test tube potion. Musical example #1: ‘Hareta Hi Ni’ transcription by Alexandra Roedder. Musical Example #2. Jiji’s Leitmotif in Paul Chihara’s Score. Transcription by Alexandra Roedder Video example #1. Hareta Hi Ni Video example #2. Staircase Video example #3. Walking with Tombo Looking over the city Video example #4. Looking over the city Looking through the window Video example #5.