Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking Titles in the series Practical Cleanrooms: Technologies and Facilities (David Conway) Practical Data Acquisition for Instrumentation and Control Systems (John Park, Steve Mackay) Practical Data Communications for Instrumentation and Control (Steve Mackay, Edwin Wright, John Park) Practical Digital Signal Processing for Engineers and Technicians (Edmund Lai) Practical Electrical Network Automation and Communication Systems (Cobus Strauss) Practical Embedded Controllers (John Park) Practical Fiber Optics (David Bailey, Edwin Wright) Practical Industrial Data Networks: Design, Installation and Troubleshooting (Steve Mackay, Edwin Wright, John Park, Deon Reynders) Practical Industrial Safety, Risk Assessment and Shutdown Systems for Instrumentation and Control (Dave Macdonald) Practical Modern SCADA Protocols: DNP3, 60870.5 and Related Systems (Gordon Clarke, Deon Reynders) Practical Radio Engineering and Telemetry for Industry (David Bailey) Practical SCADA for Industry (David Bailey, Edwin Wright) Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking (Deon Reynders, Edwin Wright) Practical Variable Speed Drives and Power Electronics (Malcolm Barnes) Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking Deon Reynders Pr Eng, BSc BEng, BSc Eng (Elec)(Hons), MBA Edwin Wright MIPENZ, BSc(Hons), BSc(Elec Eng), IDC Technologies, Perth, Australia . Newnes An imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 2003 Copyright 2003, IDC Technologies. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 07506 58061 For information on all Newnes publications, visit our website at www.newnespress.com Typeset and Edited by Vivek Mehra, Mumbai, India ([email protected]) Printed and bound in Great Britain 1 1.1 Data communications 1 1.2 Transmitters, receivers and communication channels 2 1.3 Types of communication channels 4 1.4 Communications channel properties 4 ! " # $ 1.5 Data transmission modes 8 % & ! ' % ( ) % * % 1.6 Encoding methods 12 " + " & + " ,-. ( / " #,-.0 ( / "% +120 "" 34%3 1.7 Error detection 14 $ 5.,/ 2 #! 5 % 2.1 Overview 15 2.2 Network communication 16 ! $ 5! $ & $ 2.3 Types of networks 18 1 ! 5.1#/ ' 6 ! 5.6#/ ' + ! 5.+#/ ) vi Contents ) % 7 ! 5.7#/ * 2.4 The open systems interconnection model 20 8 * 2 .8/ 8 % % % " " " $ 2 " ' #! 5 $ ) & 5 $ * ' 2.5 Interoperability and internetworking 28 2.6 Protocols and protocol standards 30 2.7 IEEE/ISO standards 31 2.8 Network topologies 33 ' 3 00 ' 1 2.9 Bus topology 35 2.10 Star topology 36 2.11 Ring topology 36 2.12 Other types of topology 38 0! ' & ' + ) 2 ) 2.13 Media access methods 40 * 25 * 3 9 ! 5 3.1 IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD (‘Ethernet’) 43 3.2 Physical layer 44 *3 % % *3 $ *3 2 ' *3 : ) % *3 " ) " 3 % ) 3.3 Signaling methods 50 3.4 Medium access control 50 Contents vii 3.5 Frame transmission 51 3.6 Frame reception 51 3.7 Collisions 52 3.8 MAC frame format 53 3.9 Difference between 802.3 and Ethernet 55 3.10 Reducing collisions 55 3.11 Ethernet design rules 55 1 %" + %" # %" + %$ % + ! 5( %$ " , %$ $ %' 4 : 9 %) 4.1 Achieving higher speed 59 "* 4.2 100Base-T (100Base-TX, -T4, -FX, -T2) 60 999'***3 02 " .;</ " **3 02= 0:= .+&/ " **3 02 .+&/ " % **3 02 " " **3 02 " $ **3 02 "% 4.3 Fast Ethernet design considerations 65 >2 **3 02=42 "% : **3 0:= "% **3 02 "% "" 4.4 Gigabit Ethernet 1000Base-T 67 ? 9 "$ ? 9 + "$ .;</ ") ***3 0= ( ") % ***3 01= 5 ") " ***3 0= ") $ ***3 02 %>2 $* ' ? 9 0 $* 4.5 Gigabit Ethernet design considerations 71 % : $ % ? $ viii Contents 5 24 $ 5.1 The origins of TCP/IP 74 5.2 The ARPA model vs the OSI model 75 5.3 The TCP/IP protocol suite vs the ARPA model 75 6 $' 6.1 Overview 78 6.2 Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) 79 " $) " 2 '* " '* " #! 5& & '* "% ' "" & ' "$ # ! 5 ' "' 5 ' ") ' "* 0@ '" " '" " 0 .&,/ '$ " ') " 5 ) 6.3 Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6/IPng) 94 " ) " " ! ) " " )% " " )$ "% " )$ "" :! * 6.4 Address resolution protocol (ARP) 103 " * " , * " , *" " ? , *" 6.5 Reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) 106 6.6 Internet control message protocol (ICMP) 107 "" + *$ "" + *' "" @ *) "" , * ""% 2 """ ""$ > Contents ix ""' +@ 6.7 Routing protocols 114 "$ , "$ & "$ % "$ " "$% A ! 00 ! " 6.8 Interior gateway protocols 117 6.9 Exterior gateway protocols (EGP’s) 120 ") 3?0 * 7 ;00. / 7.1 TCP (transmission control protocol) 123 $ 3 $ $ 5 $ @ $% 5! % $" !! % $$ 9 " $' $ $) 2 ' $* + ( ' $ 22 ) 7.2 UDP (user datagram protocol) 131 $ 3 $ 2>& 8 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 File transfer protocol (FTP) 134 ' :2 ' :2 $ ' :2 $ 8.3 Trivial file transfer protocol (TFTP) 137 ' $ ' : ' 8.4 TELNET (telecommunications network) 140 8.5 RLOGIN (remote login) 143 8.6 NFS (network file system) 143 8.7 DNS (domain name system) 144 '$ # x Contents '$ # &# 8.8 WINS 149 '' ) '' 6# %* '' 6# %* '' 6# %* 8.9 SNMP (simple network management protocol) 150 ') #+ % ') #+ % ') #+ .+3/ % ') #+ % ')% #+ % ')" #+ % ')$ #+ % 8.10 SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol) 154 8.11 POP (post office protocol) 155 8.12 BOOTP (bootstrap protocol) 156 8.13 DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) 158 ' &; %' ' &; "* 9 24 " 9.1 Introduction 162 9.2 PING (packet Internet groper) 163 9.3 ARP 166 9.4 NETSTAT 167 9.5 NBTSTAT 167 9.6 IPCONFIG 168 9.7 WINIPCFG 169 9.8 TRACE RouTe 170 9.9 ROUTE 172 9.10 The HOSTS file 173 10 1# $ 10.1 Introduction 174 10.2 Repeaters 175 * 5 $% * 1 9 $% * , $" 10.3 Media converters 176 Contents xi 10.4 Bridges 177 * $$ * 0 $' * ,2 $' * 1 $' 10.5 Hubs 179 *% &5 5 $) *% ! '* *% + '* *% '* *%% & 0 ' *%" + ' *%$ ; ' 10.6 Switches 182 *" 0 0 0 ! ' *" 1 ! ! ' *" :0 ! ' *" ! ' 10.7 Routers 186 *$ 2!0 0 '" *$ '$ *$ 3 '$ *$ , '$ 10.8 Gateways 187 10.9 Print servers 188 10.10 Terminal servers 188 10.11 Thin servers 189 10.12 Remote access servers 189 10.13 Network timeservers 190 11 2 ) 11.1 The Internet and internet 191 11.2 The objectives, background and history of TCP/IP 191 2 2 ) 2 5 24 ) 11.3 The Internet organizational structure 192 343 ) 92:4,2: ) 2 ) 3 ) 11.4 The World Wide Web 193 11.5 An introduction to HTML 194 xii Contents 11.6 HTTP 194 11.7 Java 195 11.8 CGI 196 11.9 Scripting: JavaScript 196 11.10 XML 196 11.11 Server side includes 197 11.12 Perl 197 12 )' 12.1 Connecting a single host to the Internet 198 12.2 Connecting remote hosts to corporate LAN 200 12.3 Connecting multiple hosts to the Internet 200 ** #2 . @ / * * >#= #2 ! * % * 13 2 * 13.1 Introduction 203 13.2 Hardware and software issues 203 13.3 Speed/bandwidth issues 204 13.4 Legal issues 204 13.5 E-mail 205 % 8 +2 *% % 90 ! .! 5 / *% % 90 ! *% % 7 0 *" 13.6 Internet telephony 206 " *" " *" " *$ " *' "% + 4 4! 3= *' "" ! ! *' "$ 8 ! *) "' 1 ! ! *) ") *) 13.7 Paging 209 $ +. / *) $ &B& 5 * Contents xiii 13.8 Voice mail 210 ' 13.9 Fax 211 ) : 40 40 ) : 13.10 Video conferencing 211 * 74 4 * 7! 5 13.11 News 212 #! #! #! C>9#92 13.12 Additional information 214 7 % % : % % 7 ! 5 % " 7 % $ #! % ' % ) 90 % 14 " 14.1 The security problem 216 14.2 Controlling access to the network 218 ) , ) : ! * 14.3 Intrusion detection systems (IDS) 223 ;0 & #! 50 & 14.4 Security management 224 % " 14.5 The public key infrastructure (PKI) 227 % $ % 9 ' % D . 5 / * % D 14.6 References 232 " 4 4 xiv Contents " 9 " : ! A 15 15.1 Background 234 15.2 Legacy automation architectures 234 15.3 The factory of the future 236 % 2! 5 5 " % $ % 9 ! $ % , ! ' %% #! 5 ' %" 2 ) %$ #! 5 .#/ * %' 9 1 %) 9 & 15.4 References 241 % % 24 % 2 % 6 & %% B 16 9 16.1 Network drivers 243 " #! 5 " 16.2 Network card/driver configuration 244 16.3 Network driver interface specification (NDIS) 245 16.4 Open data link interface (ODI) 245 16.5 Packet drivers 246 16.6 Plug and play architecture 246 16.7 PCMCIA interface 246 "$ " "$ + " 16.8 Protocol analyzers 247 17 2 24 ) 17.1 Maintenance and troubleshooting of real TCP/IP networks 249 17.2 Network troubleshooting 250 $ 9 ! 5 % Contents xv $ #! 5( ! % $ ; 5 ! % 17.3 Troubleshooting with TCP/IP