Apulian Warrior-Heroes and Greek Citizens: Mortuary Constructions of Identity in Ruvo di Puglia and Metaponto By Miranda K. Siklenka A thesis submitted to the Graduate Program in Classics in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada April, 2015 Copyright © Miranda K. Siklenka, 2015 Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the socio-political ideology of the warrior- aristocracy of Ruvo di Puglia and the inhabitants of the Greek polis of Metaponto through observation of the motifs on the figured vessels placed in wealthy tombs. By examining the mortuary deposits of the Ruvo tombs alongside those from Metaponto, we will be able to see some similarities between the two cities. While these similarities imply a level of cultural sharing, they more succinctly show that the indigenous inhabitants of Ruvo were quite selective in borrowing from the Greeks. However, the differences provide the best insight into the fascinating practices of the Apulians. I show that the Apulian chieftains coveted a warrior-hero status and were not hesitant to liken themselves to the legendary Achilles or Herakles, while the Greeks saw such practices as a breach of the fundamental principles of their polis-centered egalitarianism. This is significant for the understanding of the cultural environment of Magna Graecia since only little remains in terms of primary sources on the subject. i Acknowledgments: Foremost, I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Fabio Colivicchi for his continual patience, invaluable advice, and mentorship throughout the process of writing this thesis. To my loving mother, the rest of my family, and my friends, your words of encouragement have provided me with confidence throughout this endeavor and my entire life. For this, I am so lucky and forever grateful. Finally, the financial support of the Department of Classics at Queen’s University has made this research possible. To the Classics faculty and my colleagues, you have made my entire experience at Queen’s University memorable. ii Table of Contents: Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………i Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………………...ii List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………......iv List of Figures ………………………………….…………………………………………….... v List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………...x Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………………..................1 Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………….....2 Previous scholarship on red-figure pottery of south Italy …………………………………….3 Chapter 2: Classification of Themes Youths ………………………………………………………………………………….…......7 Chapter 3: Classification of Themes Mythological Heroes …………………………………………………..................................29 Chapter 4: Classification of Themes Naiskos Monuments ………………………………………………………………………....48 Chapter 5: Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………..76 Database Findings: Ruvo di Puglia ………………………………………………………………………………81 Metaponto ………………………………………………………………………………...113 Bibliography: Translations and Editions of Ancient Texts……………………………….....121 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………121 iii List of Tables: Table 1: List of database categories…………………………………………………………..2 Table 2: Vessel count for all three themes in Ruvo and Metaponto………………………....3 Table 3: Vessel count for Youth theme in Ruvo and Metaponto……………………………7 Table 4: Vessel count for Mythological Hero theme in Ruvo and Metaponto……………..29 Table 5: Vessel count for Naiskos Monument theme in Ruvo and Metaponto……………..48 Table 6: Database for Ruvo di Puglia……………………………………………………….81 Table 7: Database for Metaponto…………………………………………………………..113 iv List of Figures: Figure 1 – Red-figure lebes gamikos depicting flautist and youth (Side A, SMet. 57) from Carter et al (2011), p. 1072 (T19.05)………………………………………………………………...8 Figure 2 – Red-figure lebes gamikos (Side B, SMet. 57) from Carter et al. (2011), p. 1073 (T19. 05)………………………………………………………………………………………….….9 Figure 3 – Red-figure lekythos with nude youths holding strigils and helmets (SRuv. 17) from Montanaro (2007), p. 371 (Tomba 55)………………………………………………………11 Figure 4 – Red-figure Lucanian hydria depicting a male in pursuit of a woman, Pisticci Painter (SMet. 53) from Carter (1998), p. 640 (SAV 4-3)……………………………………………12 Figure 5 – Red-figure hydria depicting Zeus in pursuit of a woman, Pisticci Painter (SMet. 48) from Carter (1998), p. 637 (SS 12-1)………………………………………………………...14 Figure 6 – Red-figure volute krater depicting the rape of the Leucippids by the Dioscuri, Sisyphus Painter (SRuv. 42) from Montanaro (2007), p. 638 (Tomba 150)………………...15 Figure 7 – Fragment of a Lucanian red-figure vessel with torso of warrior (SMet. 43) from Carter (1998), p. 618 (T 165- 1b)……………………………………………………………16 Figure 8 – Red-figure panathenaic amphora. Warriors pursuing women, lower register, Amykos Painter (SRuv.40) from Montanaro (2007), p. 620 (Tomba 148)…………………………...17 Figure 9– Red-figure mascaroon krater depicting a warrior in naiskos, Ilioupersis P. (370-360 B.C.) (SRuv. 26) from Montanaro (2007), p. 524 (Tomba 111)………………………….…18 Figure 10– Corinthian style helmet, bronze (SRuv. 23) from Montanaro (2007), p. 451 (Tomba 103)…………………………………………………………………………………………...19 Figure 11 – Black-figure lekythos with Achilles dragging Hector (SRuv. 23) from Montanaro (2007), p. 476 (Tomba 103)…………………………………………………………………..20 Figure 12 – Red-figure volute krater depicting a battle between Greeks and Iapygians (380-370 B.C.) (SRuv. 80) from Montanaro (2007), p. 908 (Tomba 324)…………………………….21 Figure 13 – Red-figure volute krater depicting a Centauromachy (SRuv. 43) from Montanaro (2007), p. 647 (Tomba 152)………………………………………………………………….23 Figure 14–Nolan amphora with warrior departure, Achilles Painter (SRuv. 40) from Montanaro (2007), p. 633 (Tomba 148)………………………………………………………………….24 v Figure 15 – Black-figure amphora depicting the departure of Kastor and Polydeukes, Exekias Painter, later 6th century B.C………………………………………………………………...25 Figure 16– Red-figure stamnos with indigenous warriors and women, Amykos Painter (SRuv. 30) from Montanaro (2007), p. 556 (Tomba 116)…………………………………………...26 Figure 17 – Red-figure hydria with Orestes, Plyades and Electra at Agamemnon’s tomb (SRuv. 7) form Montanaro (2007), p. 286 (Tomba 34)……………………………………………...27 Figure 18 – Side B of panathenaic amphora. Warriors giving funerary offerings at stele (SRuv. 48) from Montanaro (2007), p. 695 (Tomba 160)………………………………………….…………………………………………..........28 Figure 19 – Bronze Corinthian style helmet from warrior tomb (SRuv. 23) from Montanaro (2007), p. 455 (Tomba 103)…………………………………………………………………..30 Figure 20 – Bronze south Italian style helmet, Calcidese (SRuv. 23) from Montanaro (2007), p. 457 (Tomba 103)……………………………………………………………………………..30 Figure 21 – Prosternidion (for chest of horse) with gorgon face. Bronze (SRuv. 23) from Montanaro (2007), p. 459 (Tomba 103)……………………………………………………..31 Figure 22 – Prometopidion (for face of horse), bronze (SRuv. 23) from Montanaro (2007), p. 461 (Tomba 103)………………………………………………………………………………….31 Figure 23– Black-figure skyphos with Herakles and the satyr thief (SRuv. 23) from Montanaro (2007), p. 472 (Tomba 103)………………………………………………………………….32 Figure 24 – Herakles head, silver (SRuv. 23) from Montanaro (2007), p. 468 (Tomba 103) ………………………………………………………………………………………………..33 Figure 25 – Red-figure hydria depicting Herakles and Hippolyta, Amykos P. (440-430 B.C.) (SRuv. 40) from Montanaro (2007), p. 616 (Tomba 148)…………………………………..33 Figure 26 – Black-figure lekythos depicting Achilles and Memnon in combat (SRuv. 23) from Montanaro (2007), p. 478 (Tomba 103)…………………………………………………….36 Figure 27 – Red-figure volute krater depicting the Argonauts on upper and lower registers, Sisyphus P. (430-420 B.C.) (SRuv. 40) from Montanaro (2007), p. 612 (Tomba 148)…....37 Figure 28 – Red-figure Protoapulian volute krater depicting the Argonauts fighting the Harpies (SRuv. 11) from Montanaro (2007), p. 337 (Tomba 43)……………………………………39 Figure 29 – Red-figure volute krater depicting the Death of Talos with the Dioscuri, Talos P. (SRuv. 112), Museo Nazionale Jatta 1501 (ARTstor, Scala Archives 2006)………………..41 vi Figure 30 – Red-figure volute krater depicting the Death of Talos with the Dioscuri (Close up view), Talos P. (SRuv. 112), Museo Nazionale Jatta 1501 (ARTstor, Scala Archives 2006) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….42 Figure 31 – Medea and her potions, Talos krater (SRuv. 112) Museo Nazionale Jatta 1501 (ARTstor)…………………………………………………………………………………....44 Figure 32 – Talos krater (side B) depicting Castor, Pollux, Nike, Athena, Hera, and Jason (di Palo)……………………………………………………………………………………….....45 Figure 33 – Red-figure mascaroon krater depicting warrior in naiskos (SRuv. 91) from Montanaro (2007), p. 960 (Tomba 346)………………………………………………...…..49 Figure 34– Red-figure panathenaic amphora depicting a warrior in naiskos (Side A), Offerings at stele (Side B), Painter of the Patera (340-320 B.C.) (SRuv. 346 B.C.) from Montanaro (2007), p. 962 (Tomba 346)……………………………………………………………........................50 Figure 35 – Red-figure panathenaic amphora depicting a horseman in naiskos (SRuv. 45) from Montanaro (2007), p. 657 (Tomba 154)…………………………………………………….51 Figure 36 – Drawing of the stucco decoration on a tomb of the Via Flaminia, Castor and Pollux from Nista (1999), p. 75……………………………………………………………………..51 Figure 37 – Red-figure panathenaic amphora depicting a warrior in naiskos (Side A) offerings at stele (Side B) (SRuv. 45) from Montanaro (2007) p. 659 (Tomba 154)…………………….52 Figure 38 – Panathenaic amphora showing