Comparison on humus and soil geochemical baselines in Southern Finland Introduction Statistical methods Results Low/High Low/High Geological Survey of Finland has carried out geochemical The mean, the median, the maximum, the minimum and the Most of the elements have completely different distribution C content 2,5 C content 48 1.00 > 19% baseline mapping in Southern Finland between 2002-2013, quartiles, and histograms of the 35 elements were analyzed of concentrations in humus and topsoil samples. (Fig. 4 and 5). 2.00 < 19% using topsoil, subsoil and humus samples (Fig.1). Humus sam- both for all humus and topsoil samples, and for the different 2,0 Cd ppm (Humus) Cd ppm (Soil) 38 ples reflect the interplay between atmosphere (especially at- soil parent material separately. For each element, figures com- 1,5 Textbox 200 mospheric deposition), biosphere and lithosphere (Salminen prehensive of histograms, box plots and cumulative probabil- 200 28 150 C (Humus) % 1,0 et al. 2004). ity plots (CP) of the humus and topsoil log-transformed data, Cd (Humus) mg/kg 100 100 18 50 ,5 were made using R studio software (Fig. 3). 50 Frequency Frequency 0 0 8 ,0 −50 −50 0 5000 10000 15000 ,0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 −2.5 −2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 −2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 Al (Humus) mg/kg Cd (Soil) mg/kg 0.005 0.02 0.05 0.2 0.5 1 2 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 Fig.7: Scatter diagrams of Al Fig.8: Scatter diagram of Cd con- and C in humus samples. centrations in topsoil and humus. Ni ppmNi ppm (Humus) (Humus) Ni ppm (Soil)Ni ppm (Soil) Ni ppm (Humus) Ni ppm (Soil) Ni ppm (Humus) Ni ppm (Soil) 99 Humus In order to explain the anomalous high values in humus, the 90 80 Soil 150 80 Cd (Soil) 150 80 150 geographic distributions of these elements in humus and top- 60 60 80 60 150 100 60 100 20 40 soil were analyzed (Fig. 9) and then compared to the deposi- Probability [%] 100 60 40 5 50 100 40 20 50 tion data obtained by the moss compositions (Rühling 1992, 40 Cd (Humus) Frequency Frequency 20 50 0 0 0.1 20 Page 1 Frequency Frequency Page 1 50 1994; Rühling and Steinnes, 1998; Salminen et al. 2004, 2011). 0 0 20 Frequency Frequency 0.01 0.1 1 0.005 0.020 0.100 0.500 2.000 0 0 Frequency Frequency −20 0 0 −50 0.005 0.02 0.05 0.2 0.5 1 2 High values appear in areas where the anthropogenic impact 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 −0.5−20 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 −50 −20 −50 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 −20 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 is high, (e.g. Harjavalta) and the more densely populated and −50 2 0.55 10 1.020 501.5 100 2002.0 5002.5 0.2 0.5 1−0.52 0.05 10 0.520 501.0 2001.5 2.0 Fig.2.5 4: CP plot of Cd. 0.5 2 1.0 5 1.510 202.0 50 2.5100 200 500 −0.5 0.00.2 0.50.5 1 1.02 1.55 102.020 2.550 200 industrialized areas, (Tampere, the coastline from Porvoo to Fig.1: Humus sampling. 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 200 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 200 Helsinki). Low/High *# C content #* MUURAME 99 Humus 2.00 *##* HONKAJOKI #* 1.00 #* #* )"") *# MÄNTTÄ-VILPPULA 40 Ni *# PARKAN)" O 15000 90 ") RUOVESI 99 SoilHumus )" Ni (Soil) SIIKAINEN )" )" #* #* *##* )"*#") Methods )" )" ") )" )" #* )" ) ") *# 99 Humus )" ") *# #* *##* )" )" 99 Humus *# 60 JÄMIJÄRVI *# #* JÄMSÄ 90 Soil *##* #* Ni (Soil) JUUPAJOKI )" *##* 30 )" )")" LUHANKA 90 Soil )" POMARKKU 90 )" 20 Soil Ni (Soil) )" )" *##* #*)" Ni (Soil) 60 )" *#*# 10000 )")" )" )" *# )"") Probability [%] #* )" )" )")")"*##* )" )" *##*#*#* )"HÄMEENKYRÖ)"*#*# *##* )" 5 *# )" *#)")")" O)"RIVESI / *##* )"") )")"*#)" LAVIA )" *)" )" 60 *# *# )" ##* ##* *#*#*# )" )" 816 sample pairs (humus and topsoil) have been analyzed 60 )" )"**##* )" )" * *# *# *#*# *#*#*#*# )" ") )" )" )" )"") *#*# *#*#*#)")")" ") 20 0 25 50 Y*#LÖJÄRVI )" )""))"") POR)"I )" *#*# )" )"") )" KUHMOINEN Ni (Humus) )" )" )" ")")"*# )" ") Probability [%] Km ) # ) 20 )")" )" *#*# )")" )"*#*# *#*#)"*#)"#)")" 20 " * 5 #* #* *# # )")")" )" )" *# 20 * ) )" " #" Al (Humus) mg/kg *# *# SAST)"AMALA )" )"))")" *#)" )" )" SYSMÄ in detail (Fig.2). 0.1 )""))" )")" P)")"IR)"KK)"AL)"A*#*# ") ") )" )" Probability [%] LUVIA)"#* ")*# )" Probability [%] Humus (clay) Soil (clay) *#NA*#K*#K"))"ILA#* )")" *# Cr (Humus) mg/kg * )" 5 )" )" )" )")" )")" 5 )" )" 5000 *#*# #* ") *#)")"")")")")" *# *#*#*#*# *#*# *#*#)")")")"))")")"" )")"*# ") Ni (Humus) *# )" 1 10 100 0.2 0.5 2.0 5.0 20.0 100.0 500.0 3 - 6 2 - 3 *#*# )")")" ") )" )")" *# ") )" VE)")"S*#*#I)"*#L)"AH)"TI )")"*#)")" PADASJOKI )" )")"") *#*##* )"#)" )" )")"*#*#*#)" )")")")")" *#*#PÄLKÄNE )"") *#*#K#* O)"*KEMÄKI )" )" )" )"") ") 0.1 EUR")AJOKI )")" )" Ni (Humus) " #* Ni (Humus) ) *# ") 10 6 - 7 3 - 8 )")" )" )"*#*#)"*#)" )"*##* )" )"") 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 200 500 )" )" )"") )" ")" )" )")" )" )" )")" *#)" *#*# #* ) )" )")"A*#*#K)")"AA*##* )")" 0.1 * 0.1 )" )" #*)")"*# #* 7 - 20 8 - 15 EURA *)")"*# *# )")" ASIKKALA MUURAME 1 10 100 0.2 0.5 2.0 5.0 20.0 100.0 500.0 )" #* )" )")"##*)" )" )" #* )" *#*# *#*# )" *# *)")"*##* ") )" " *##**# ") ") )" *##*)" )" )" ") TOIVAKKA SÄKYLÄ )" ")) )" )")" )" HONKAJOKI 0 )" UR)")"*##*JALA ") #* ") #* MÄNTTÄ-VILPPULA 20 - 29 15 - 50 *##*)" )")" ") ") #* PARKAN")O 1 1 10 10 100 100 0.2 0.5 0.22.0 0.55.0 2.020.0 5.0 100.020.0 500.0100.0 500.0 *# *#)"") )" ") HA)"TT)"ULA )" *# #* )" *##* )" )"#*)"") )""))" )" PYHÄRANTA )" )"") *# )" )"") )" )"") ") RUOVESI 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 200 500 *# ") )" *##* ") )"*##* )" / ") 0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 50 - 57 ") )")"#* )" )" )") *##* " *# )" SIIKAINEN ") #* #* Humus (till) ) )"") *##* ") )" ") " HOLLOLA ") #* #* )" )")" )" *##* )" )" )" ") ") ") ") ") H*#UMPPILA )" )" ") )" #*") ") ") #* 0.2 0.5 0.21 20.5 51 102 205 5010 20 20050500 200 500 Al (Soil) mg/kg ") )" *##* )" )" )" )" *##* *##* )" #* #*#* ") 2 - 6 )" )"") #* )"") ") JANA*#K)"K)"ALA JÄMIJÄRVI 0 50 100 150 Soil (till) UUSIKAUPUNKI ORIPÄÄ *# )" )" ) )" #* #* JÄMSÄ )" )"") )")" #* )" )" *##* " )"*# )" *# KÄRKÖLÄ #* JUUPAJOKI ") YPÄJÄ *# # ) Cr (Soil) mg/kg )" 6 - 7 0 - 3 ") *#)" ") #* )" ") ")") #* )" )" TAMM)"E*##*LA ") )" *#*# *#*# LUHANKA )" *# ") )" ") POMARKKU VEHMAA PÖYTYÄ )" )" )" H)"AUSJÄRVI *# )" )" *##* *#") *##* ") *#*#)" *#*# ") ") ")#*#*") PUULA )" )" )"") )" *#*# )" ") ") #* ") JOUTSA 7 - 20 3 - 8 *##* )"") )" *##*)"") )"L*#OPP)"I )" #* ") ") ") ") #* ") ") )" )"") )"# )" #* H") ÄMEENKYRÖ ")#* ") #* AURA KOSK)"")I *##* *##* ") )" )" *# * #*")*# #*#* #*") ") #*") ") ORIVESI *# ) )"*#*#*#*# ") #* ") #* ") LAVIA #* ") ") Fig. 3: Histogram, Cp plot and boxplot for log-transformed data for Fig. 5: Scatter diagram of Cr. In Fig.6: Scatter diagram of Al con- )" KUSTAVI SOM)"ERO") ") *##* *##* *##* )" )")" )" )"*##*)" ") #* #* )" 20 - 50 8 - 15 ") ) )"#* ") ") ") ") #* ") #* #* #* #*#* ") MASKU )" "") *#*#)" *#)" PUKKILA ") ") #* ") ") MARTTILA )" ") ) #)")" HY#*)"VINKÄÄ ") #* #*#* ") ") *##*)" )" *#*)" )"*#*#*#)" *#)" ") ") YLÖJÄRVI ") *##* *#*# )" ") )" )"") *##*") ") ") ") #*#* ") ") ") KUHMOINEN HARTOLA ) )"") )" )" *##* *##* )"*##* )")"")*#)" ) PORI ") ") ") ")#* ") ") 50 - 191 )" 15 - 50 LIETO *##* KAR)"KKIL)"*#*#A*# #*#*#")#**# ") ") #* #* ") ") ") ")*#*# * *# ") #* ") #* #* #* ") nickel, with similar medians in humus and topsoil. red samples with low organic C. centrations in topsoil and humus. *##* ") *#)")"*# ") *#*# )"*## ")") ") ") ") #* )" )" )")" *#*# *# )"*#)")"##* )" *#*#* ASKOLA #* #* #* SASTA") MAL#*A ") ") ") #*") ") ") *##* *#*#)" )" )" )" * *# )" )")")" *#)"*#)"") ") PI")RKKALA ")K#*ANGASALA SYSMÄ PERTUNMAA ") )" )" #**# )" )" )" )"*#*#)"" # )" )" ") ") ")#* ") ") ") )" 50 - 212 )" *# )")"*# *#*##*)" )"*##*")" )"*#) *#*#*)")")"*#*#*#*#)" LUVIA ") ") ") ") Humus (sand) *# )" )" )")"*#*#)"*# )"*##* *##*)")")" *##*)"*# )" # #* NAK#*KILA #* ") ") #* )"")*# V)"*#IHTI*#)"#* *# )")" *#*#)")" )" )"*##*)"")*#)")" "*#) * ") ") ") ") ") SALO )") *#*#*# )" *##* *##* TUUSULA )"")*#*# )"*#*#)")#*)" ") ") ")") ") #* #* SAUVO *#)")" )"*##**# *#)"*# *#*# )" )" )"*##*")"") * #* #* #*#* ") ") ") ") ") *#*##* )" *#")" )" )")" )")" )" "))")")*# #*#* #* ") ") ") #* ") 1 - 6 *# )" )" #*#*# ))"*# )")")" )" P)"O)"*#RVOO #*#* ") ") ") ") Soil (sand) )"*#") )")"*#)" SIP)"OO )" )"*# )"*#*# #* ") ") #*#* ") ")#*") PADASJOKI )"#* ))" )" )"*#*#"))")" ") ") ") #* ") ") ")L#*E")MP")Ä")")ÄLÄ #*PÄLKÄNE ") )" *# )" )"*#*# ") #* ")#* ") ") #* *# #* *##*)")")"") )"#*)")" )"") *#*#") )"") ") K#*OKEMÄKI ") ") ") ") 6 - 7 0 - 3 ")#* *##* *# *#*# )" )"")") EUR")AJOKI #* LOHJA)" )" )" )"#*)"*##* )" *#*# *#*#)"") *#*# ") ")#*#*") ")#* ") ") ") )")"#*)"#* )" )" ") )" *#*##* )"#* ") ") ") ") #* V") ALKEAKOSKI *##* )" #* *# ") ") ") ") ") ") #* #* #* #*") ") *# ")#* ") #* *# *# )")")" ) )")" )"") ") ") A")#*")K#*AA #* ") 7 - 20 3 - 8 )" *##*)"#* EURA #* ") #* #* ") HEINOLA #*)" )"")ESPOO ") ASIKKALA For some of the elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Rb, Sr, Ti and SIUNT#)"IO)")" ") ") #* ") #*") ") ") ") * )" )" #* #* #* #* ") ") ") #* *#)"")") )" #* ") ") ") ") #* ") ") *# 20 - 50 *# 8 - 15 ")#* *# ")*##* SÄKYLÄ ") ") UR")JALA )*# #* #* ") )" ")#* #*") ") ") ") ") )" #*)" #* #* ") ") ") HATTULA *# #* ") #* ")") ") ") ") #*#* ") ") #* ") ") ") ") Zn), the concentrations in humus were positively correlated to *# 50 - 435 *# 15 - 48 PYHÄRANTA #* ") ") ") ") ") #* ") #* ") #* ") ") ") #* ") #* ") ") ") ") HOLLOLA ") ") ") ") HU#*MPPILA ") #* ") ") ") #* ") ") ") ") #* #* ") NASTOLA ") ") ")") ") JANAK#*K")AL")A Page 1 UUSIKAUPUNKI ORIPÄÄ #* ") ") the concentrations in topsoil (Fig. 6). These humus concentra- ") ") IITTI Correlations ") ") ") ") #* ") ")#* #* KÄRKÖLÄ YPÄJÄ #* #* ") ") ") ") ") #* TAMM")EL#*A ") ") #* #* Fig. 9: A dot map for Ni concentrations in humus and topsoil sample pairs. #* ") ") ")