PLANT MORPHOLOGY: Vegetative & Reproductive Study of form, shape or structure of a plant and its parts Vegetative vs. reproductive morphology http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peanut_plant_NSRW.jpg Vegetative morphology http://faculty.baruch.cuny.edu/jwahlert/bio1003/images/anthophyta/peanut_cotyledon.jpg Seed = starting point of plant after fertilization; a young plant in which development is arrested and the plant is dormant. Monocotyledon vs. dicotyledon cotyledon = leaf developed at 1st node of embryo (seed leaf). “Textbook” plant http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch35/35_02AngiospermStructure.jpg Stem variation Stem variation http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/stems&leaves/barrel.jpg http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/art0042.jpg http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/stems&leaves/xstawb.gif http://biology.uwsp.edu/courses/botlab/images/1854$.jpg Vegetative morphology Leaf variation Leaf variation Leaf variation Vegetative morphology If the primary root persists, it is called a “true root” and may take the following forms: taproot = single main root (descends vertically) with small lateral roots. fibrous roots = many divided roots of +/- equal size & thickness. http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nursery-weeds/weedspeciespage/OXALIS/oxalis_taproot.jpg adventitious roots = roots that originate from stem (or leaf tissue) rather than from the true root. All roots on monocots are adventitious. (e.g., corn and other grasses). http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/plant_images/StrawberryRootLesion.JPG Root variation http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch35/35_04RootDiversity.jpg Flower variation http://130.54.82.4/members/Okuyama/yudai_e.htm Reproductive morphology: flower Yuan Yaowu Flower parts pedicel receptacle sepals petals Yuan Yaowu Flower parts Pedicel = (Latin: ped “foot”) stalk of a flower. Receptacle = end of stem on which flower is borne. Sepals = outer whorl of parts, often greenish bracts (leaves). Calyx = collective term for sepals of one flower (Greek: kalux “to cover”). Petals = second whorl of parts, often colorful and showy. Corolla = collective term for petals of one flower (Latin: “crown”). Perianth = collective term for calyx and petals (Greek: peri “around,” anth “flower”). Tepals = perianth parts that are not differentiated into sepals and petals. tepals sepal petal Yuan Yaowu http://www.freefoto.com/images/12/61/12_61_52---Tulip_web.jpg Corolla Yuan Yaowu Yuan Yaowu Polypetalous = petals separate Gamopetalous (sympetalous) = petals fused Yuan Yaowu Yuan Yaowu Actinomorphic/ radially Zygomorphic/ bilaterally symmetric/ regular = symmetric/ irregular = multiple planes of symmetry a single plane of symmetry Reproductive flower parts Note: in this flower, the pistil is compound, consisting of five fused carpels. stigma pistil style ovary anther Yuan Yaowu filament Stamen Reproductive flower parts Stamen = pollen producing structure; consists of filament and anther; ‘male’ function in reproduction. Androecium = collective term for stamens. (Greek: andro “male”, oikos “house”) Carpel = ovule producing structure; consists of ovary, style, and stigma; ‘female’ function in reproduction. (Greek: karpos “fruit”) Flowers may have a single carpel or many carpels; the carpels may be separate or fused together. Pistil = generalized term for each individual female structure in a flower; pistils are made of carpels! When single or separate, each carpel equals one pistil – simple pistil When fused together, one pistil may consist of many carpels - compound pistil (Note: see Figs. 4.19 and 4.20 in your textbook). Gynoecium - collective term for pistils. (Greek: gyno “female”, oikos “house”) Carpel vs. Pistil Ovary position Superior ovary = ovary above the point of attachment of the other flower parts. Flowers are thus hypogynous = with perianth and stamens arising from below the ovary. Inferior ovary = ovary is beneath the point of attachment of the other flower parts. Flowers are thus epigynous = with perianth and stamens arising above the ovary. 1/2-inferior ovary = floral parts attach midway on the ovary such that it is partly superior and partly inferior. Hypanthium = flat, cuplike, or tubular structure on which the sepals, petals, and stamens are borne; usually formed from the fused bases of the perianth parts and stamens or from a modified receptacle. Flowers are thus perigynous = with perianth parts and stamens borne on a hypanthium that is distinct from the ovary. (note: different from Reproductive Morphology worksheet…use this definition!) Ovary position quiz Yuan Yaowu hypanthium Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN hypanthium Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Ovary parts Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Ovule = the egg-producing structure. Placenta (pl. placentae) = tissue inside the ovary to which the ovules attach. placenta Placentation = attachment of ovules within the ovary. ovule Placentation types septum locule basal free-central free-central Parietal placentation = ovules attach to the wall of the ovary. Axile placentation = ovules attach to the central axis of the ovary with two or more locules. Free-central placentation = ovules attach to a freestanding column or central axis in the middle of a unilocular ovary. Basal placentation = ovules attach at the base of the ovary. Placentation quiz Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Placentation quiz Textbook DVD KRR & DLN http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/80/66/23466680.jpg http://home.comcast.net/~suzyq9/MarioQBellOpenCompare.jpg Fusion of flower parts connate = parts of one whorl fused to each other; fusion of LIKE parts. (e.g., gamopetalous corolla - petals fused together) adnate = parts of one whorl fused to parts of another whorl; fusion of UNLIKE parts from different whorls. (e.g., epipetalous stamens - stamens adnate to petals.) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Yuan Yaowu Flower types complete = all four whorls present. incomplete = one or more whorls missing. perfect = both reproductive whorls present; bisexual. imperfect = one reproductive whorl missing; unisexual. monoecious = plants with imperfect (unisexual) flowers, in which both sexes are on the same plant. dioecious = plants with imperfect (unisexual) flowers, in which each sex is on a separate plant. Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Inflorescences Inflorescence = positions and arrangements of flowers on a plant. Inflorescences Inflorescences Inflorescences Inflorescence quiz Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Will Cook 2010 http://www.freefoto.com/images/12/61/12_61_52---Tulip_web.jpg Solitary = a single flower formed in the axil of a leaf (solitary axillary flower) or at the end of a stem (solitary terminal flower). Raceme = simple, indeterminate inflorescence with a single axis bearing pedicellate flowers. Panicle = indeterminate inflorescence with two or more orders of branching, each axis bearing flowers or higher order axes. Inflorescence quiz Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Spike = simple, indeterminate inflorescence with a single axis bearing sessile flowers. Umbel = determinate or indeterminate inflorescence with all flowers on pedicels of +/- equal length that arise from a single point at the apex of the inflorescence axis. Spadix = spike with a thickened, fleshy axis. Inflorescence quiz Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KMN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Spikelet = small spike. Catkin = inflorescence consisting of a dense, elongated mass of inconspicuous, usually wind-pollinated flowers. Head or Capitulum = compact determinate or indeterminate inflorescence with a very short, often disk-like axis and usually sessile flowers. Inflorescence quiz Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD WSJ Cyme = determinate, compound inflorescence composed of repeating units of a pedicel bearing a terminal flower and below it, one or two bracteoles, each bracteole associated with an axillary flower. Corymb = raceme with the pedicels of the lowermost flowers elongated, bringing all flowers to more or less the same level, i.e., a flat-topped raceme. Fruit Fruit = mature ovary; after the eggs within the ovules are fertilized, the ovary starts to expand, and becomes a fruit containing seeds. ANGIOSPERM = vs. GYMNOSPERM = http://home.comcast.net/~suzyq9/MarioQBellOpenCompare.jpg Fruit variation Bill Ebbesen http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f7/FruitArrangement.jpg http://photos.mongabay.com/07/1107DSC09262.jpg You will see many different types of fruits in lab Fruit summary Simple fruits (from a single flower) Dry fruits Dry, dehiscent fruits (opens) follicle: 1 carpel splitting along 1 suture legume: 1 carpel splitting along 2 sutures (Fabaceae only) silique: 2 carpels (includes the silicle, Brassicaceae only) capsule: ≥2 carpels opening in various ways Dry, indehiscent fruits (doesn’t open) achene: 1-2 carpels containing a single seed, thin wall surrounding cypsela: 1 carpel (Asteraceae only, i.e. sunflower seeds) samara: winged achene-like fruit caryposis: (grain) surrounding wall ± fused to single seed (Poaceae) nut: ≥2 carpels, single seed, fruit walls are thick, bony schizocarp: ≥2 carpels, splits into 1-seeded segments Fleshy fruits drupe: 1 carpel, 1 seed, outer fruit walls soft, inner wall is hard (i.e. pit) pome: 5 carpels, inferior ovary (Rosaceae only) berry: ≥2 carpels, several – many seeded pepo: berry with thick outer skin (e.g. banana, squash) hesperidium: berry with thick outer skins and inner sections (e.g. orange) Aggregate fruits (from separate carpels of a single flower) e.g.: strawberry –aggregate of achenes magnolia fruit –aggregate of follicles blackberry –aggregate of drupelets Multiple fruits (fruit is a fusion of fruit from multiple separate flowers) e.g.: pineapple .