Dacelo novaeguineae Ceryle torquata Quasisyndactylus longibrachis Merops nubicus Neognathae Coracias spatulata Colaptes auratus Ramphastos sulfuratus Buceros rhinoceros Volant neognathans Tockus erythrorhynchus Masillatrogon pumilio Trogon violaceus Plesiocathartes kelleri Non-volant neognathans Leptosomus discolor Selmes absurdipes Eoglaucidium pallas Strix varia Strix nebulosa Bubo scandiaca Athene cunicularia Tyto alba Aquila chrysaetos Aquila rapax Accipiter cooperii Mioneophron longirostris Gymnogyps californianus Turdus merula Troglodytes troglodytes Hirundo rustica Tachycineta bicolor Haemorhous mexicanus Pipilo fuscus Nectarinia zeylonica Corvus brachyrhynchos Corvus corax Aphelocoma californica Zygodactylus luberonensis Amazona ochrocephala Anodorhynchus leari Tynskya eocaena Cyrilavis colbunorum Falco sparverius Opisthocomus hoazin Phalacrocorax auritus Phalacrocorax harrisi Borvocarbo stoeffelensis Sula leucogaster Fregata minor Limnofregata azygosternon Ardea alba Botaurus lentiginosus Pelecanus crispus Cochlearius cochlearius Mycteria americana Fulmarus glacialis Puffinus griseus Oceanodroma melania Diomedea exulans Diomedea brodkorbi Aptenodytes forsteri Spheniscus humboldti Phaethon aethereus Alca torda Alca impennis Fratercula arctica Stercorarius parasiticus Larus californicus Sterna hirundo Turnix suscitator Tringa totanus Himantopus mexicanus Haematopus ostralegus Charadrius vociferus Eudocimus ruber Aechmophorus occidentalis Phoenicopterus roseus Fulica americana Neoaves Grus monacha Rallus longirostris Salmila robusta Coccyzus erythropthalmus Geococcyx californianus Cuculus canorus Otis tarda Foro panarium Turaco livingstonii Caloenas nicobarica Streptopelia turtur Columba livia Didunculus strigirostris Chaetura pelagica Apus apus Pterophanes cyanopterus Metallura tyrianthina Paraprefica kelleri Aves (Neornithes) Caprimulgus carolinensis Meleagris gallopavo Phasianus colchicus Coturnix coturnix Gallus gallus Callipepla californica Numida meleagris Gallinuloides wyomingensis Paraortygoides messelensis Somateria mollissima Cairina moschata Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Cygnus olor Vegavis iaai Tinamus solitarius Casuarius bennetti Apteryx australis Rhea americana Struthio camelus Gansus yumenensis Iteravis huchzemeyeri Liaoxiornis NIGP130723 Liaoxiornis BMNHC Ph807 Yumenornis huangi Piscivoravis lii Palaeognathae Ornithuromorpha Dingavis longimaxilla Jianchangornis Archaeornithura meemannae Yixianornis grabaui ‘Nonavian ornithuromorphs’ Yanornis martini Hongshanornis longicresta Longicrusavis houi Xinghaiornis Zhongjianornis Schizooura lii Archaeorhynchus spathula BMNHC Ph1204 Bohaiornis guoi Shenqiornis Zhouornis hani Sulcavis Eocathayornis Cathayornis Junornis BMNHC Ph1156 BMNHC Ph1458 BMNHC Ph1470 Enantiornithes BMNHC Ph871 BMNHC Ph874 Eoenantiornis Pengornis Vescornis hebeiensis Avialae Paraprotopteryx gracilis Rapaxavis pani Longipteryx Sapeornis chaoyangensis Jinguofortis perplexus Eoconfuciusornis zhengi Confuciusornis sanctus ‘Nonornithothoracine avialans’ Zhongornis Jeholornis curvipes Shenzhouraptor sinensis Archaeopteryx lithographica Epidendrosaurus Microraptor hanqingi Microraptor zhaoianus Sinornithosaurus Zhenyuanlong suni Wulong bohaiensis Balaur bondoc Velociraptor mongoliensis Deinonychus antirrhopus Anchiornis huxleyi ‘Nonavialan maniraptorans’ Sinornithoides Machairasaurus Ingenia yanshini Citipati Falcarius utahensis Yixianosaurus longimanus Maniraptora idgian ivian allian ichtian r r vian r v iasian o tonian a ordian tonian r f r r r iabonian oarcian uronian Albian Aptian o r Danian Lutetian alanginian Chattian T T Bajocian Aalenian Rupelian Ypresian Call Tithonian Zanclean Langhian T Ox Ba Coniacian Selandian Thanetian Messinian Bathonian Santonian Ber Barremian Aquitanian P Burdigalian Haute Campanian V Ser Cenomanian Maast Kimme Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Quat. 0 70 40 90 60 50 10 80 30 20 140 150 120 170 130 110 160 100.