MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU STRATEGIAN LAITOS JULKAISUSARJA 1: STRATEGIAN TUTKIMUKSIA No 26 NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF STRATEGIC AND DEFENCE STUDIES SERIES 1: STRATEGIC RESEARCH No 26 STATE AGENT, IDENTITY AND THE “NEW WORLD ORDER” Reconstructing Polish Defence Identity after the Cold War Era TORSTI SIRÉN MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU – NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY Strategian laitos – Department of Strategic and Defence Studies HELSINKI 2009 Torsti Sirén: State Agent, Identity and the “New World Order” – Reconstructing Polish Defence Identity after the Cold War Era Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu, Strategian laitos Julkaisusarja 1: Strategian tutkimuksia No 26 National Defence University, Department of Strategic and Defence Studies Series 1: Strategic Research No 26 To download our latest publications in English in pdf format, please visit http://www.mpkk.fi/fi/tutkimus-opetus/julkaisut/stratl/ Graphic design of the cover: Ari Palo Cover illustration: Coat-of-arms of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1795 (above); Coat-of-arms of Poland (below); King Jan III Sobieski at Vienna 1683, painting by Jan Matejko, 1883 (Vatican art collection; So- bieski Room); image of the medieval map of the Polish Lithuanian Com- monwealth (on the background) ISBN 978-951-25-1979-8 ISBN 978-951-25-1988-0 PDF ISSN 1236-4959 Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu – National Defence University Strategian laitos – Department of Strategic and Defence Studies Edita Prima Oy Helsinki 2009 To all who wonder and doubt Contents Pictures and Tables iv Abbreviations v 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Purpose of the Thesis 8 1.2. Previous Research 11 1.3. Research Questions, Outline of the Thesis and Sources 13 1.4. Methodological and Empirical Arguments 19 Part I Methodology 21 2. Philosophy of Science and Method 23 2.1. From Beliefs to Realist Ontology and Epistemological Relativism 23 2.1.1. Religion and Magic – ‘What Is, Is’ 25 2.1.2. Empiricism and rationalism – ‘What is, May not Be’ 28 2.1.3. Pragmatism and Social Ontology – ‘What Is, May Only Be, Because We Have Agreed Upon It Being So’ 31 2.2. Method 36 2.2.1. Identity and the Problem of Causation in the Social Sciences 37 2.2.2. Social Theoretical Orientation 39 2.2.3. Frame(s) of Reference and Research Frame(s) 52 2.2.4. Double Hermeneutics 55 2.2.5. Language 58 2.2.6. Discourse Analysis 60 2.2.7. Contexts, Iconic Modelling and Causal Complex 65 2.2.8. Structuration Theorem and the Thematized Messages of National ‘Sub-Identity Holders’ 68 3. From Implicit to Explicit Identity Theories in IR 73 3.1. Constructivism 75 3.1.1. The Interactionist Perspective and Learning 77 3.1.2. The Endogenous Perspective and Domestic Constitutive Narratives 83 3.1.3. The Cultural Perspective and Habituation 85 3.1.4. The Normative Perspective and Shared Need for Change? 91 3.2. Methodological Conclusions 93 ii Part II Structuring the State, Collective Identity and World Order 95 4. State Agent and Identity – National Ethos and Cultural Habituation 97 4.1. ‘Socialized’ State Agency and National Identity 97 4.1.1. Socialization Process – Creating Identity 99 4.1.2. Nation, Society and Community 103 4.1.3. Corporate Identity, State Identity and National Identity 109 4.2. Constructors and Sources of National Identity 111 4.3. State Agent and the Limits of Good Intentions 114 4.3.1. Internal Constitutive Restraints and Enablers 115 4.3.2. External Social and Material Restraints and Enablers 116 4.4. Defence Identity and Security Policy Practices 119 4.5. Conclusions 121 5. The “New World Order” and the Quest for Global Tolerance 123 5.1. About Current and Future World Orders 126 5.1.1. Institutions and Institutionalization 130 5.1.2. International System and the Struggle for Power 134 5.1.3. International Society and the Status Quo World Order 136 5.1.4. World Society and Collective World Order 140 5.2. ‘Order Is What States Make of It’? 146 5.2.1. The Process of Continuous Change and Identity Reconstruction 147 5.3. Social and Material Unexpectedness as Sources of Identity Reconstruction 150 5.3.1. Revolutionary Structural Changes 151 5.3.2 Global Climate Change 156 5.4. About Possible Future World Orders 158 5.5. Conclusions 161 Part III The Polish Case 165 6. Constructing a Nation and National Identity – The Endogenous Perspective 167 6.1. ‘Rebirth of the Nation’ 167 6.2. The Genealogy of Polish National Identity 171 6.2.1. Romantic Polishness as the Property of the Gentry 173 6.2.2. Positivist Polishness as the Property of the Intelligentsia-Elite 176 6.2.3. Ethnonationalist Polishness as the Property of the Nation 177 6.2.4. Enforced Polishness ‘Without a Yesterday’ 179 6.3. Conclusions 181 7. Internal Constitutive Habituation – The Cultural Perspective 183 7.1. National ‘Grand-Narratives’ – A Legacy of the Past 184 iii 7.1.1. ‘Antemurale Christianitatis and the Marian Cult’ 185 7.1.2. ‘The Miracle of the Vistula’ 188 7.1.3. ‘Between East and West: the Katyń Forest, the Warsaw Uprising and the Betrayal of Yalta’ 192 7.1.4. ‘Polish Anti-Semitism’ 199 7.2. National ‘Sub-Identity Holders’ 202 7.2.1. The State and Political Culture 203 7.2.2. The Armed Forces of Poland and the Strategic Culture 210 7.2.3. The Catholic Church – “State Church” vs. “Activist Church” 212 7.3. The Constitution as a ‘Primary Official’ Identity Expression 219 7.4. Security Policy ‘White Books’ as ‘Secondary Official’ Identity Expressions 221 7.4.1. World View and Fundamental Goals 223 7.4.2. Instrumental Goals 224 7.4.3. Means 226 7.5. National and Ethnic Minorities 230 7.6. Conclusions 233 8. Reconstructing Polish Defence Identity – The Interactionist and Normative Perspective 237 8.1. Regional Contexts 237 8.1.1. NATO-Cooperation 237 8.1.2. European Integration and the CFSP 240 8.2. International System – ‘Prepare for Self-Help’ 244 8.2.1. Russia as the ‘Essential Other’ 244 8.3. International Society – ‘The Changing Borders of Otherness Through Adaptation and Learning’ 255 8.3.1. NATO-Cooperation and Strategic Culture – ‘Adaptation Through Persuasion’ 256 8.3.2 .The United States as the ‘Instinctive and Primary West’? 263 8.3.3. The European Union as the ‘Secondary West’? 273 8.3.4. Germany as the ‘Secondary Other’ 281 8.3.5. Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland’s “Imperial Complex” 286 8.4. World Society – ‘Give Whoeverism a Chance?’ 294 8.4.1. Collective World Order and Polish Defence Identity 295 8.4.2. Christian ‘Tolerance’ and Global Equality? 296 8.4.3. Globalization and the “Moral Superiority Complex” 300 8.4.4. The Power of Recognition and Teleological Evolution 303 8.5. Conclusions and Discussion 305 8.5.1. Conclusions of the Polish Case 305 8.5.2. Discussion and Avenues for further research 310 References 317 iv Pictures and Tables Pictures Picture 1: Metatheoretical assumptions 35 Picture 2: Identity and causality in IR 39 Picture 3: Social theoretical orientation of the thesis 41 Picture 4: General frame of reference and research frame 53 Picture 5: Frame of reference and research frame – ‘the Polish case’ 54 Picture 6: Iconic modelling 66 Picture 7: Causal complex, contexts and structure 70 Picture 8: Constructing the ‘Self’ 101 Picture 9: State, Nation, Society and Community 107 Picture 10: State identity, collective identity, national identity and the Other(s) 110 Picture 11: Doctrine, argumentation and strategy 121 Picture 12: Variants of international order and possible futures 149 Picture 13: The Eastern border of Western civilization, according to Samuel Huntington 155 Picture 14: Geopolitics – Poland as a gateway to the east (Operation Barbarossa, 22 June 1941) 194 Picture 15: Geopolitics – Poland as a gateway to the west (the Soviet thrust towards the west in 1944 –45) 195 Picture 16: The National borders of Poland before and after WWII 198 Tables Table 1: The thematized narratives and discourses of national ‘sub-identity holders’ 71 Table 2: The Presidents and Prime Ministers of the Republic of Poland between 24 August 1989 and 2008 205 Table 3: Parliamentary ( Sejm ) elections in Poland between 1989 and 2007; the winners and shares of the vote of the German minority 207 Table 4: Public opinion on Polish-Russian relations 254 Table 5: Public opinion on Polish participation in the NATO-led operation in Afghanistan 262 Table 6: The chances for Polish-German reconciliation? 286 Table 7: The chances for Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation? 291 Table 8: Conclusions regarding the thematized narratives and discourses of national ‘sub-identity holders’ 307 v Abbreviations AK Armia Krajowa (the Home Army) AL Armia Ludowa (the People’s Army) AWS Akcja Wyborcza Solidarno ść (Solidarity Electoral Action) BG Battlegroup (EU) CBOS Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej (Public Opinion Research Center) CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CR Critical Realism EDA European Defence Agency (EU) ESDP European Security and Defence Policy ESDI European Security and Defence Identity ESS European Security Strategy (EU) EU European Union EUMC European Union Military Committee EUMS European Union Military Staff GS General Staff ( Stab Generalnego) IGC The Intergovernmental Conference (EU) IPP Individual Partnership Programme (NATO-PfP) KLD Kongres Liberalno-Demokratyczny (The Liberal Democratic Congress) Kresy (Kresy Wschodnie ; Mythical eastern borderlands of the former Poland) MN Mniejszo ść Niemiecka (German Minority) MoD Ministry of Defence NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NRF NATO Response Force OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PC Porozumienie Centrum (The Centre Party)