RENEE GAUDET “You Eat the Red Cheek and I’ll Eat the White Cheek”: Wholesome Nourishment and Chaotic Consumption in the Grimms’ Fairy Tales Snow White eats a poisoned apple, Hansel and Gretel nibble a house made of bread and sugar, and Little Red Cap herself is gobbled up; whether the protagonists are eating or being eaten, consumption is central to the plot of each of these tales by Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm. First published in 1812, stories like “Snow White,” “Hansel and Gretel,” and “Little Red Cap” are rife with food imagery. In these tales, food soothes, nurtures, entices, and foils, and often represents a relationship with a maternal fgure; wholesome eating is associated with benevolent motherliness, while inappropriate eating is linked to the ubiquitous evil mother archetype. Although fairy tales are now considered children’s literature, they were originally intended for adults as well. In Why Fairy Tales Stick: The Evolution and Relevance of a Genre, Jack Zipes elucidates that the Grimms’ tales were “appropriated from an oral tradition that included the entire family and [were] a cultural form of entertainment determined by adults” (206). Therefore, the Grimms’ depictions of food express contemporary anxieties about consumption that afected all levels of society despite age and class, and continue to be relevant today. As Carolyn Daniel suggests in Voracious Children: Who Eats Whom in Children’s Literature, “food events are always signifcant, in reality as well as in fction. They reveal fundamental preoccupations, ideas, and beliefs of society [. .] and produce visceral pleasure” (1-2). In this essay, I will The Albatross / Volume 5.1 2015 27 demonstrate that positive and negative depictions of eating connote order and disorder, respectively. I will then explore the relationship between food and parenting, followed by a discussion on the prevalence of the cannibalistic mother in the Grimms’ fairy tales. I intend to show that the Grimms placed emphasis on food and eating in their tales, in order to reinforce the appropriate behaviours concerning consumption for children and adults alike. When food is depicted positively, it represents stability and order; conversely, negative associations connote disorder. Zipes quotes Marina Warner: “food – procuring it, preparing it, eating it – dominates [fairy tales] as the overriding image of survival; consuming it ofers contradictory metaphors of life and civilization as well as barbarity and extinction” (Zipes 224). In the Grimms’ tales, food either signals safety or tricks and entraps. For example, upon reaching the safety of the dwarves’ cabin, Snow White sees a table spread with a white tablecloth and helps herself to “a bit of bread and vegetables from each plate and [drinks] a sip of wine from each cup” (Grimm 118). She then fnds the most comfortable bed and allows herself some rest, because she feels safe. This same sense of security is evident in “Hansel and Gretel” when the witch takes the children warmly by the hand and says, “Don’t be afraid, come in and stay with me. You will come to no harm” (114). She treats them to a beautiful feast before showing them to “two little beds made up clean and white” which they climb into, thinking all the while that “they were in heaven” (114). In each of these scenarios, food , coupled with a warm place to sleep, is an indicator of security and order after an ordeal in the perilous forest. These are positive associations between eating and order that the young reader will be familiar with. However, both the protagonists and the villains use food to foil their foes. Snow White falls prey to her wicked stepmother by way of a poisoned apple, and Hansel and Gretel are seduced by a house “made of bread, [with a] roof 28 The Albatross / Volume 5.1 2015 Wholesome Nourishment and Chaotic Consumption made of cake and the windows of sparkling sugar” (114). The very foods that the fairy tale protagonists trust put them in harm’s way. These scenes suggest that there are times when we ought to be wary of other people, of food, or of that which is ordinarily comforting to us; this is where the representations of food become didactic lessons in control and identity. Daniel writes, “to be a proper (human) subject one must eat in a controlled manner, according to cultural rules” (3). Self-control and caution are the lessons being taught here; in these stories, food does not always symbolize order and stability, and the tales show the importance of being cautious during encounters with strangers. Little Red Cap learns a lesson about trusting strangers when the wolf swallows her whole; however, she escapes and retaliates against the wolf, tricking him through an appeal to his appetite. She fools the wolf once, when she flls his belly with rocks, making him feel full so she can escape; she fools the wolf a second time when she lures him of of her Grandmother’s roof with water leftover from cooking sausages: “the smell of the sausages rose up to the wolf’s nostrils. he stuck his neck out so far that he couldn’t keep his footing. and he slid of the roof and slid straight into the big trough and was drowned” (30-1). Gretel also uses the witch’s appetite to her advantage and pushes the greedy hag into the very oven where she intends to cook Hansel. Again, food, or the promise thereof, is employed to harm. In all of these scenarios, food is associated with disorder, demonstrating what ought to be nourishing can sometimes be used inappropriately, to trick and entrap. The positive associations between safety, comfort, and nourishment stem from the child’s primal relationship with their mother. As such, the good mother stereotype in fairy tales is always associated with wholesome food (Daniel 90). Daniel argues, “the physical and psychological satisfaction derived from (babies) feeding creates a fundamentally important and lasting attachment to the The Albatross / Volume 5.1 2015 29 mother’s body and to rich, sweet foods” (90). These sweet, nourishing foods are found in abundance within the Grimms’ tales. For instance, Little Red Cap’s mother sends her daughter to grandmother’s house with freshly baked cake. The girl tells the wolf “we baked yesterday, and we want my grandmother, who’s sick and weak, to have something nice that will make her feel better” (Grimm 29). There are clear connections between Little Red Cap’s loving mother, a safe home warmed by the oven, the comforting smell of food baking, and notions of nurturing and care. Daniel notes, “[. .] protagonists receive ‘emotional nourishment’ (in varying degrees) as well as gastronomic pleasure from the food provided by maternal fgures. The food symbolizes love, comfort, and safety” (95). Thus, as Daniel further argues, when protagonists crave rich, intoxicating foods, they are yearning for that “primal mother-child relationship” (90). Hansel and Gretel are ravenous when they see the witch’s house sparkling with sugar; they have been abandoned by their mother twice, and the sweet chunks of roof and window that they gobble voraciously represent a desire to re-establish some maternal comfort in their lives. They are then easily taken in by the witch, who pretends to be a sympathetic mother fgure and ofers them “a fne meal of milk and pancakes, sugar, apples, and nuts” (Grimm 114). Though she later reveals herself to be evil, the children accept the witch unquestioningly as a woman who will take care of them because they associate rich, sweet foods with a nurturing mother. Thus, in fairy tales a mother who feeds and nurtures her child appropriately is the paragon of love, order, and the good parent against which all other maternal fgures are measured. Unfortunately for the protagonists, bad mothers appear more frequently in the Grimms’ tales than good mothers do. These woman are just as closely linked to food and consumption as their benevolent alter egos; however, the food they are associated with is as unfulflling and 30 The Albatross / Volume 5.1 2015 Wholesome Nourishment and Chaotic Consumption dangerous as a good mother’s food is wholesome and safe. As Maria Tatar writes in “Hard Facts of the Grimms’ Fairy Tales,” “the many faces of maternal evil in fairy tales represent the obverse of all the positive qualities associated with mothers. Instead of functioning as nurturers and providers, [. .] female villains withhold food” (140). Hansel and Gretel’s mother abandons them to starve in the woods, with only crumbly pieces of bread to sustain them. She does this so that she and her husband might have a chance at surviving the famine (Grimm 111). While such a heartless act might seem unthinkable to modern readers, the Grimms touched upon an issue not unheard of to their contemporary audiences; they likely employed this didactic story to “warn against child neglect in times of sufering” (Tatar 140). Zipes argues that translating “Hansel and Gretel” for a modern audience exposes the plight of impoverished families and “means revisiting the social conditions that make poor people desperate” (205). Starvation is not the bad mother’s only motivation for neglect or harm. As the evil stepmother in “Snow White” demonstrates, jealousy could also be a factor. When the Queen discovers that she is no longer the fairest in the land, “envy and pride [grow] like weeds in her heart. she [sends] for a hunstman and [says]: ‘Get that child out of my sight. Take her into the forest’” (117). When the Queen discovers the girl has survived, she deliberately crafts a poisonous apple to fnish the job. She ofers it Snow White: “‘look, I’m cutting it in half.