(v11.02) Phonological Features Chart Coronal Palatal Non-coronal (Sonorant Consonants) diacritic Obstruents Obstruents Obstruents Laryngeals Affricates Nasals & Liquids Glides Vowels examples [+cons, -son, +cor] [+cor + dors] [+cons, -son, -cor] [-cons,-son] [+cons,-son -/+cont] [+cons,+son] [-cons, +son] [-cons, +son] t' th t t d s z c p b f v k x q h t d ts dz kx pf m n l r j w i u e o a æ y ø œ cons + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++++++++++++++ - --cons +++++ + + + + ++++++++ - --- ---------------- cons son - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------------- son ----- - + + + ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++ son Class features syll - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - syll - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---++++++++++++++++ syll labial - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + ++++------------ - lab ----- + + - - - - - - - - - - + +++ ++++++++++++++++ lab round 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - ---- 0000000000000 rnd 00000 - - 0 0 0000000 - ++- --++--++- -+++-++ rnd coronal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - ----------------- cor ++++- - - + - +--+-++- ---- ---------------- cor ant + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - 0 0 00000000000000000 ant --++ 0 0 0 + 0 - 00+ 0 + + 00000 0000000000000000 ant dist - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + 0 0 00000000000000000 dist ++ - - 0 0 0 - 0 - 00- 0 - - 00000 0000000000000000 dist dorsal - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - - ----++++++++----- dor ++ - -+ - - - + +++-+--+++++ ++++++++++++++++ dor high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 0 0000 ++++- ---00000high ++0 0 + 0 0 0 + -+-0 + 0 0 -++++ ++++------++---+ high low 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 00000 low 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --------++------ low Place features - - - - -------- -- - - --- - ----- back 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - 0 0 0000 ++++++++00000back --0 0 + 0 0 0 + --+0 - 0 0 +-+-+ --++--++- -----++ back tense 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - 0 0 0000 - - - - - - - - 00000tense --0 0 - 0 0 0 - - - - 0 - 0 0 - - - - - +-+-+-+--++-+--+ tense pharyngeal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------++ - - - phar - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ++++++++++++++++ phar ATR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000000000- - 0 00 ATR 00000 0 0 0 0 000000000000+-+-+-+---+-+--- ATR voice - - - - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + -+-+-+-+-+-+---+- voi -+-+- - + + + ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++ voi SG - + - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + +- SG ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ---------------- SG Laryngeal Laryngeal features CG + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+ CG ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ---------------- CG cont - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + + - - ++++--++- -++++++- cont ± ± ± ± ± ± - - - ---+++++++++ ++++++++++++++++ cont strident - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - ++- --------------strid ++++- + - - - ------------ ---------------- strid lateral - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - ------- - - - - - - - - -- lat ----- - - - - ---++- ------ ---------------- lat Manner features del rel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------- - - - - - - - - --d rel +++++ + - - - ------------ ---------------- d rel nasal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----------------nasal ----- - + + + +++--------- ---------------- nasal Variants More Sounds Feature Geometry Front Central Back [+front –back] [–front –back] [–front +back] Place and s = bilabial click (prosodic) Manner of Skeleton: C,V High [+tense] i y Velar = | dental click ˆ ¨ μ u Labial Dental c t Articulation Palatal Uvular Glottal Alveolar Retroflex [+ high –low] Pharyngeal Labiodental Root Tier: [consonantal] Postalveolar y = j ! (post) alveolar click I Y U [–tense] [sonorant] Plosive r = palato-alveolar click Root-linked e [+tense] p b t d c k q O P F o Tiers: [cont] j = alveolar lateral click Mid Nasal [lat] [–high –low] ´ m n N c = ts alveolar lateral flap [nas] [–tense] E ø Œ ç Trill B r = simultaneous and x Laryngeal LAR l [+tense] Tier: = voiced labio-palatal approximate Low Q å Tap/Flap z [voi] [SG] [CG] [–high +low] [–tense] = voiceless epiglottal fricative a Ø A Å j d Place Tier: [-rnd] [+rnd] [-rnd] [+rnd] [-rnd] [+rnd] Fricative f v s z . x h J PLACE voiced epiglottal fricative = u y Lateral [labial] [coronal] [dorsal] [phar] = [-voi] alveolo-palatal fricative Fricative Z o œ DIACRITICS SUPRASEGMENTALS voiced alveolo-palatal fricative [round] [ant] [dist] [hi] [low] [bk] [ATR] a = primary stress Approximant j voiceless n d breathy voice b a Lateral voiced s t creaky voiced b a secondary stress Approximant l L Vocal Tract aspirated t d linguolabial t d long half long labial + + - - - - - - - - - coronal - - + + + + + - - - - palate more rounded labialized t d extra short velum dorsal - - - - - + + + + - - less rounded palatalized t d minor (foot) group pharyngeal - - - - - - - - - + - alveolar uvula nasal cavity ridge advanced u velarized t d major (intonation) group oral cavity soft palate nasal (varies somewhat across languages) teeth pharynx SONORITY SCALE tongue pharynx lips trachea retracted e pharyngealized t d . syllable break oral 6 stops & larynx pharyngeal pharynx TONES AND WORD ACCENTS 1 vowels 2 glides 3 liquids 4 nasals 5 fricatives wall dental t d nasalized e affricates trachea epiglottis laryngeal apical t d nasal release d e extra high rising +syllabic − syllabic pharynx − consonantal + consonantal bronchi laminal t d lateral release d e high falling Adam’s apple +approximant − approximant esophagus centralized e no audible release e mid hi rising lung lung larynx + sonorant − sonorant vocal folds md-centralized e velar or pharyngeal l e low low rising + continuant [ -cont] [± cont] − continuant syllabic n ATR e RTR e e extra low rise fall Jason Riggle – University of Chicago NOTES • though nasals are specified [-cont] due to obstruction of the oral cavity, nasal airflow makes them more sonorous than stops version 11.02, February 2011 non-syllabic e lowered e ↓ downstep global rise • the vowel [a] is central (not front, as in some charts) because it can participate in a 3-way color contrast: [æ] vs. [a] vs. [] comments/corrections: [email protected] • this feature system is 3-valued with 0 = unspecified (assumed to be obligatory for place features whose mother’s value is ‘-’) rhoticity raised e ↑ upstep global fall .