Volume 2 – General Navigation (JAR Ref 061) Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 The Form of the Earth Shape of the Earth ........................................................................................................................................1-1 The Poles......................................................................................................................................................1-2 East and West...............................................................................................................................................1-2 North Pole and South Pole ...........................................................................................................................1-2 Cardinal Directions........................................................................................................................................1-3 Great Circle...................................................................................................................................................1-3 Vertex of a Great Circle ................................................................................................................................1-4 Small Circle...................................................................................................................................................1-5 The Equator ..................................................................................................................................................1-5 Meridians ......................................................................................................................................................1-6 Parallels of Latitude ......................................................................................................................................1-6 Rhumb Line...................................................................................................................................................1-7 CHAPTER 2 Position on the Earth Angular Measurement...................................................................................................................................2-1 Position Reference System...........................................................................................................................2-2 Latitude and Longitude .................................................................................................................................2-2 Latitude .........................................................................................................................................................2-3 Longitude ......................................................................................................................................................2-3 Position Using Latitude and Longitude..........................................................................................................2-4 Change of Latitude (Ch Lat)..........................................................................................................................2-5 Calculation of Change of Latitude .................................................................................................................2-5 Mean Latitude: Mean Lat (Mlat) ....................................................................................................................2-6 Change of Longitude (Ch Long)....................................................................................................................2-7 Mean Longitude ............................................................................................................................................2-9 Answers to Position Examples....................................................................................................................2-10 CHAPTER 3 Distance Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................3-1 Definitions .....................................................................................................................................................3-1 Conversion Factors.......................................................................................................................................3-2 Great Circle Distance....................................................................................................................................3-2 Departure (East – West Distance Calculation)..............................................................................................3-4 Distance Example Answers ..........................................................................................................................3-6 General Navigation © Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., 2005. All Rights Reserved i Table of Contents Volume 2 – General Navigation (JAR Ref 061) CHAPTER 4 Direction Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4-1 Definitions .................................................................................................................................................... 4-1 True Direction............................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Magnetic Direction ....................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Variation....................................................................................................................................................... 4-2 Variation – West........................................................................................................................................... 4-2 Variation – East............................................................................................................................................ 4-3 Isogonal ....................................................................................................................................................... 4-4 The Agonic Line ........................................................................................................................................... 4-4 Deviation ...................................................................................................................................................... 4-4 Deviation – West.......................................................................................................................................... 4-5 Deviation – East........................................................................................................................................... 4-6 Relative Bearing........................................................................................................................................... 4-8 Direction Example Answers ......................................................................................................................... 4-9 CHAPTER 5 Speed Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5-1 Airspeed....................................................................................................................................................... 5-1 Airspeed Indicator Reading (ASIR) .............................................................................................................. 5-1 Indicated Airspeed (IAS) .............................................................................................................................. 5-1 Instrument Error ........................................................................................................................................... 5-1 Rectified Airspeed (RAS) ............................................................................................................................. 5-2 Position Error ............................................................................................................................................... 5-2 Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)........................................................................................................................... 5-2 True Airspeed (TAS) .................................................................................................................................... 5-2 Density Error ................................................................................................................................................ 5-2 Groundspeed ............................................................................................................................................... 5-3 Mach Number............................................................................................................................................... 5-3 Summary of Speed ...................................................................................................................................... 5-3 Introduction to Relative Speed ..................................................................................................................... 5-4 CHAPTER 6 Triangle of Velocities Introduction .................................................................................................................................................