! ! A South Efate dictionary ! "#$%!&$'($)*+,-!#+%!.//*!(#/!0,)&1'(!)2! ')33+.),+($4/!5),6!5$(#!+!*17./,!)2! A South Efate %0/+6/,%!)2!(#/!3+*81+8/!)2!9)1(#!:2+(/;! '/*(,+3!<+*1+(1=!>(!$%!0+,(!)2!+*!)*8)$*8! dictionary 0,)?/'(!(#+(!$*'31&/%!(#/!,/'),&$*8!)2! %(),$/%!$*!(#/!3+*81+8/;!+!%/3/'($)*!2,)7! 5#$'#!$%!0,)&1'/&!+%!@A+(,+1%5/*!*$8! :2+(B=! Nick Thieberger ! Nick Thieberger A South Efate dictionary Nick Thieberger Contents Introduction ...................................................................................i South Efate – English dictionary ................................................1 English- South Efate finderlist................................................101 University of Melbourne, Australia May 2011 © 2011 Nick Thieberger This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. ISBN 978-1-92-177551-2 A pdf version of this book can be downloaded from http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/9735 Produced with assistance from the Australian Research Council and the Arts Faculty and School of Languages and Linguistics, University of Melbourne Produced in association with the World Oral Literature Project, University of Cambridge, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, United Kingdom Cover: Participants in a dictionary workshop held in Erakor Village in 2000. Introduction This dictionary has been the product of collaborative work with a number of speakers of the language of South Efate. It is part of an ongoing project that includes the recording of stories in the language, a selection from which is produced as ‘Natrauswen nig Efat’. In particular I would like to thank the following for their help in this work: Silas Alban; Endis Kalsarap; Kalsakar Wayane; Manuel Wayane; Joel Kalpram. Thanks also to Sean and Lisa Bracken, Kalsarap Namaf, Ralph Regenvanu and William Wayane. J.C.Rivierre kindly provided the wordlist produced in 1965 by Maxime Carlot. Identification of plants and animals has been conducted over time with a number of individuals to check names as best as possible. However, it may be that a name, for example for a shellfish, is given for a specific shell when in fact the name may refer more generally to shells of the same type or appearance. Plants whose English or botanical names have not been identified have been included with a description. Where a verb permits alternation between initial p/f, it is the /p/ initial form that is listed in the lexicon. A great deal of work remains to be done to make this a more comprehensive work. Any comments are welcome. An online version of this dictionary which includes audio of words being spoken can be found here: http://paradisec.org.au/SELexicon/index.htm Some of the stories and (interlinear) texts in South Efate are available online here: http://www.eopas.org All recordings are also housed in the Pacific and Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC). Nick Thieberger Melbourne 2011 i South Efate Dictionary a= arleg A - a a= pron. I (1st person singular realis day). Subject). aliat ftoumlap Also: aliat aaf n. fish sp. Anthiases (small faitoumlap; aliat fetoumlap. n. Groupers, Perchlets, Basslets, Thursday (learning day). Soapfishes). Serranidae. aliat kaaru n. Tuesday. aaf ni nariuriu n. fish sp. Cigar aliat pei Also: aliat monte. n. wrasse. Cheilio inermis. Monday. aal n. shellfish sp. kind of aliat p!ot n. Friday (day for Turbo. Turbo chrysostomus; dividing and sharing things out). petholatus. aliat tap n. Sunday. aas n. coconut crab. Birgus aliat toknak n. Saturday, a day to latro. stop and think. afam n. fish sp. Humphead alkur adj. dry, of leaves, any kind wrasse; Napoleonfish. Cheilinus of dry leaves (naul alkur). undulatus. See: patru. altuk n. cabbage, island cabbage. afoka n. avocado (introduced aluen Also: alu. n_inposs. uncle fruit). Persea americana. (mother's brother). See: awo. afsak n. turtle (generic). anisakel n. plant sp., ag pron. you (2nd person singular bougainvillea. Subject or Object). anrar n. fish sp. Cardinalfishes. akam pron. you (2nd person Apogonidae. See: p!op!or. plural Subject or Object). apap n. father, father's brother akit pron. we (1st person plural (address term, used by those in inclusive Subject or Object). naflak other than kram and al n. sun. See: mtar pakor. namkanr). See: tmen; tata; gka. al imel n. eclipse. apu n. grandfather, apu sees is al imtar n. sunset, mal is an the grandson named for his archaic form. grandfather. Note: added to last alak n. Honeyeater, incl. Silver- syllable of some names e.g. apu eared Honeyeater, Vanuatu + kalorip = apurip. Mountain Honeyeater (type apu motu n. great grandfather. ofbird). Lachmera incana. See: ta. aliat n. day. ara n. yam sp., red inside, aliat motu n. midday. See: sweet. naliati. arkau n. shellfish sp. trochus. aliat fnau n. Wednesday (court arleg adj. skilful. Malnen kunep South Efate Dictionary 1 arm!afaf em!au man kumpalua go rusosoki arleg. ati sees n. granddaughter, named When you throw a stone at a after her grandmother. See: ati. bird and you hit it, they say you atlag Also: ligal. n. moon, month. are skilful. Two women in the moon, Leiriki arm!afaf n. Box crab. Calappidae. (small one) and Leilepa (big armatu adj. right handed. See: one). Ligal is an old name for the maur; arworksu. moon. arum vintr. nearly ripe. atlag faum n. new month, next arworksu adj. ambidextrous, month. Also atlag nen tu. someone who can use both atlag kaaru n. month after next hands. See: maur; armatu. month. as n. day after tomorrow. See: nas. atlag pei n. first month, (e.g. last aslel n. fish sp. Striped month, the month just past) mackerel. Rastrelliger same as atlag nen pa. kanagurta. atlak n. owner. aslen n_inposs. friend, aslak nmatu atol n. egg. 'girlfriend'. atol kanr n. rice (lit: black ant aslot n. worm. egg). Oryza sativa. ataf n. helper, chief's assistant. atua n. God, also Leatu, Sup!e. atat n. albino. Atat nen nalun itar awe excl. exclamation, used to ko naskon itar ko imiel. An albino show surprise. has white hair and his skin is awo n. uncle, (address term). white and red. See: alue. ati n. grandmother. ati motu n. great grandmother. E - e efare n. 1) dancing ground. elkao n. pig fence. 2) men's house. elol n. yard (also em!lel). ekat Also: ekate. n. side of a em!ae adv. 1) away. Selwan kafak canoe away from the outrigger em!ae p!atamai pak esum! neu mau. (left hand side). See: esem!. When I go away don't you come ektem prep. outside. to my house. 2) apart, far, elag prep. above; high, top, up. distant. Panrus! kin kefak em!ae. Man inrir ur elag. The bird flies Move it so it is far away. above. emat n. cemetary, graveyard. elagsau n. heaven. ematen n_inposs. grave. elau n. sea. See: namos; ntas. em!au n. clearing, a cleared piece 2 South Efate Dictionary emeromen -f of ground. See: limuti. naur ko sef natkon? Where do emeromen Also: emermen. n. you stay, which island or which earth, world. village? em!rom prep. inside. esem! n. outrigger side of a canoe en vintr. lay, stay. Also used to (usually the right hand side). mark an ongoing activity, and is Maloput raru go nsem! ipi esem!. used like to. Naik seserik ruen Between the canoe and the fam. The small fish stayed and outrigger is called 'esem!'. See: ate. Maarik tmer ipen Ermage ien nsem!; ekat. pan pan pan. Their father was at eslaor n. passage, a deep section Erromango, he stayed and of water through which boats stayed. Ntwam ina ito kaimrokin can travel. na, "Kaipe en mrokin pan kaipe tok etak n. 1) toilet. Kafak etak. I nrus mroput." The devil stopped will go to the toilet. 2) place for and thought, "I thought about throwing rubbish. this and I am a little worried. etan prep. below; underneath; enflos vintr. sleep badly, toss and down. Ipagki nkafik pak elag, me turn in sleep. Teesa ientan sa, Ririal ito etan. He climbed up the ienflos. The child lays nakavika and Ririal stayed down uncomfortably, it sleeps badly. below. enkot v. lay and break something etan ntaf downhill. by laying on it. etan npamun Also: etan npam. ensok vambi. lay on, brood (of a n_inposs. scapula, shoulderblade. fowl). To ito ensok atol. The etik prep. to the side. chicken is brooding the egg. euut n. shore when you are on a Kuensok narun. You sleep on his boat, but also the bush when you arm. are on the land. Selwan kukano entaf v. to be the main one of, to los kupato euut m!as to. When you be the head of, to encompass. can't swim, you stay on the entak vintr. sleep on the side. shore. entan vintr. lie, lay down. erfale n. cave. esa n. 1) here. 2) place. esan n. place. Nagi esan kutkos sef F - f -f PVC. conditional, used following the action of the following verb a subject pronoun to mean that may or not happen. For example South Efate Dictionary 3 fa fak u-f mer taulu 'if we were to ki faatfar. The reef has many marry'. E amurin na p!amai ni calcium rocks. Kaltog preg nalkis, ifwel kuftae faat ftak n. bottom stones of an pregi. "Hey, I would like you to oven. come and make some medecine faat ni uum n. top stones of an for Kaltong, if you can do it." oven. Nafet faat ni uum rumiel See: fla. malen ruftin. The top stones are fa See main entry: pa. red when they are heated. 2) n. faafat vintr. believe. Afaafat vatu, money. Ale ipan sor tete itilm!ori. I believe he speaks the sernale hotel, nen kesol faat sees.