International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes From 2016 on renamed to Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Commutes June 2016 www.ieahev.org IA-HEV, formally known as the Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes, functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings, and publications of IA-HEV do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries. From 2016 on the IA-HEV has been renamed to Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP). Cover Photo: Volvo electric bus. The bus is running on route 55 in Gothenburg (Sweden) as part of the ElectriCity collaboration. Further information about ElectriCity can be obtained over www.goteborgelectricity.se. (Image courtesy of Volvo Buses) The Electric Drive Commutes Cover Designer: Anita Theel, VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH ii International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes* Annual Report Prepared by the Executive Committee and Task 1 over the Year 2015 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Commutes Editor: Gereon Meyer (Operating Agent Task 1, VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH) Co-editors: Jadranka Dokic, Heike Jürgens, Diana M. Tobias (VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH) Contributing Authors: Markku Antikainen Tekes Finland James Barnes Barnes Tech Advising United States Martin Beermann Joanneum Research Austria Graham Brennan SEAI Ireland Carol Burelle Natural Resources Canada Canada Pierpaolo Cazzola IEA France Mario Conte ENEA Italy Cristina Corchero IREC Spain Andreas Dorda A3PS Austria Julie Francis Allegheny Science & Technology United States Marine Gorner IEA France Halil S. Hamut TÜBITAK MRC Turkey David Howell U.S. Department of Energy United States Gerfried Jungmeier Joanneum Research Austria Peter Kasche Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Florian Kleiner DLR Germany Mikko Koskue Tekes Finland Juan Fco. Larrazábal Roche IDEA Spain Matthias Laske FZ Jülich Germany Jun Li CATARC China Ock Taeck Lim University of Ulsan Rep. of Korea Ignacio Martin CIRCE Spain Gereon Meyer VDI/VDE-IT Germany James F. Miller Argonne National Laboratory United States Carlo Mol VITO Belgium Sonja Munnix Netherlands Enterprise Agency The Netherlands Urs Muntwyler IA-HEV chairman Switzerland Hannes Neupert EnergyBus Germany Michael Nikowitz A3PS Austria Burak Ozpineci Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States Doruk Özdemir DLR Germany Maxime Pasquier ADEME France Carrie Pottinger IEA France Michael Rask Danish Energy Agency Denmark Luís Reis INTELI Portugal Aymeric Rousseau Argonne National Laboratory United States Manel Sanmarti IREC Spain Stephan Schmid DLR Germany Masahiro Suzuki METI Japan Philipp Walser Association e’mobile Switzerland Tim Ward OLEV United Kingdom Bert Witkamp AVERE Belgium Astrid Wolfbeisser A3PS Austria * from 2016 on renamed to HEV TCP; in this report the terms IA-HEV and HEV TCP are used as synonyms. iii Contents Page A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairperson’s Message 2015 1 2 The IEA and its Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 11 3 Personnel Changes in the IA-HEV 29 B: IA-HEV Tasks 4 Task 1 – Information Exchange 31 5 Task 10 – Electrochemical Systems 35 6 Task 17 – System Optimization and Vehicle Integration 41 7 Task 19 – Life Cycle Assessment of EVs 53 8 Task 20 – Quick Charging Technology 69 9 Task 21 – Accelerated Ageing Testing for Li-ion Batteries 75 10 Task 23 – Light-Electric-Vehicle Parking and Charging Infrastructure 79 11 Task 24 – Economic Impact Assessment of E-Mobility 87 12 Task 25 – Plug-in Electric Vehicles 91 13 Task 26 – Wireless Power Transfer for EVs 103 14 Task 27 – Electrification of Transport Logistic Vehicles (eLogV) 109 15 Task 28 – Home Grids and V2X Technologies 115 16 Task 29 – Electrified, Connected and Automated Vehicles 123 17 Task 30 – Assessment of Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles 125 18 Task 31 – Fuels and Energy Carriers for Transport 129 C: Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (H&EVs) Worldwide 19 Overview 133 20 Austria 135 21 Belgium 145 22 Canada 161 23 Denmark 175 24 Finland 185 v C: Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (H&EVs) Worldwide (Cont.) 25 France 193 26 Germany 203 27 Ireland 215 28 Italy 221 29 The Netherlands 233 30 Portugal 247 31 Republic of Korea (South Korea) 255 32 Spain 261 33 Sweden 267 34 Switzerland 273 35 Turkey 285 36 United Kingdom 289 37 United States 299 Developments in Selected IA-HEV Non-Member Countries: China, Japan, 38 313 and Norway D: Practical Information IA-HEV Publications 325 Vehicle Categories 333 Abbreviations 335 IA-HEV Contact Information 345 vi 1 Chairperson’s Message Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles HEV TCP of the International Energy Agency IEA enters the 5th phase 2015-2020 – New secretary Dr. James F. Miller elected – 17 member countries work in 12 different working groups – Growth of electric drive trains goes on – Big differences from country to country and from car producer to car producer Entering the 5th Working Phase In 2015, the International Energy Agency IEA started rebranding of Implementing Agreements as Technology Collaboration Programmes (TCPs)1. From 2016 on, the name IA-HEV is changed to “Technology Collaboration Programme for co- operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes (HEV TCP)”. Since the end of 2015 the HEV TCP entered its 5th working phase. The mission statement and the strategic objectives of the HEV TCP were developed by the members of the executive committee of all member countries and the operating agents of the different tasks in several preparations meetings since 2013. The strategic objectives for the HEV TCP in the 5th phase from 2015-2020 are: 1. Produce and disseminate objective information for policy and decision makers on H&EV technology, projects and programmes, and their effects on energy efficiency and the environment. 2. Be a platform for reliable information on hybrid and electric vehicles. 3. Collaborate on pre-competitive research projects, and investigate the need for further research in promising areas. 4. Collaborate with IEA transport related IAs, and with specific groups or committees. The Electric Drive Train Accelerates This was the motto of our annual report in 2014 and it describes well what was happening at the start of the 5th phase in 2015. The background of the 5th phase is more positive for the electric drive trains than ever before. In the 4th phase we have seen a new class of cars on the market, the “plug-in-hybrid”-concept with the “Opel Ampera/Chevrolet Volt” as the “car of the year 2012”. Hybrid cars are more 1 Presented to the Committee on Energy Research and Technology of the IEA (CERT) and communicated to all the TCP Chairs on 2 March, 2016. www.ieahev.org 1 2016 IA-HEV ANNUAL REPORT and more common in the product range of all car producers. But still Toyota, the pioneer of the hybrid concept is leading the field with an unmatched range of cars. Toyota profits from the early efforts it started in the last century. Figure 1: Global plug-in light vehicle sales 2011-2015 (Source: Argonne National Laboratory 2/ 2016) Sales of battery electric vehicles BEV are still small in most of the countries. But the growing rates look promising. At the end of 2015, we had about 1.3 million EVs and PHVs on the streets. This number has doubled since 2014. The number of different cars is still small and is dominated by small cars as the Nissan Leaf, which is the leader in sales with now over 100,000 EVs in total. This is still remarkable and reflects the status of Nissan as the leader in the BEV segment. Most discussed in the field of BEV is the “Tesla S”. This luxury high performance car is dominating the media and impresses car journalists and car drivers with its acceleration, performance, and new features. “Tesla” is the first new car producer which could enter a market segment and dominates it in some OECD countries. In some countries, the Tesla S is leading the market of luxury cars against all known brands. Tesla has a new sales concept and also solves the recharging problem with its own standard. It will be interesting to see how the other car producers react, especially when the new Tesla models, the SUV “X” and the mass market model “Tesla 3” are entering the market. The New Car Markets for EVS China is one of the leaders in e-mobility. The commitment of the government to e- mobility is remarkable. Together with the leading role in the market for renewable electricity with hydro, wind, and PV, the electric car is perfect for China. China has 2 www.ieahev.org CHAPTER 1 – CHAIRPERSON’S MESSAGE a young and very strong car market. This offers the e-mobility new chances. The HEV TCP will enhance the contact with the EV-specialists of the Chinese government and wants to invite them to the technology collaboration group HEV TCP. India announced a program for electric vehicles up to 2030. This and new countries from the developing world should be in the focus of the HEV TCP group as well. Limits of the Combustion Technologies Visible The “Volkswagen scandal”, with the cheated exhaust treatments, demonstrated drastically that the conventional IECVs come to their limits. It can be expected that the emission levels will be more stringent from period to period. To match them, the technical treatment is more and more complicated and has influences on other technical parameters as the consumption. It’s a difficult choice when an old technology has to be given up.