Salinity Problems in Arid Lands Irrigation: A Literature Review and Selected Bibliography Item Type text; Book Authors Casey, Hugh E. Publisher Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Download date 28/09/2021 18:19:44 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/263733 A. ALRIP `ALICLIBRARY COPY 1 FILE _Con Salinity Problems in Arid Lands Irrigation A Literature Review and Selected Bibliography by Hugh E. Casey Research Assistant Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona for U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Water Resources Research Water Resources Scientific Information Center Washington, D.C. 20240 1972 Arid Lands Resource Information Paper No. 1 SALINITY PROBLEMS IN ARID LANDS IRRIGATION: A Literature Review and Selected Bibliography by Hugh E. Casey Research Assistant Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona The work upon which this publication is based was supported by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964, as amended. University of Arizona OFFICE OF ARID LANDS STUDIES Tucson, Arizona 85719 1972 CONTENTS Page Foreword i Abstract ii Preface iii I.Irrigation- Related Salinity Problems in Ancient History: A Perspective 1 II.Basic Water Balance Problems in Relation to Irrigation 6 III.Soil and Water Salts: Their Classification, Leaching, and Drainage 19 IV.Salinity and Drought Effects on Plants 26 V.Salinity Prevention and Soil Reclamation in Agriculture 32 VI. Water Quality and the Total Drainage Basin 41 VII. Socioeconomic Aspects of Salinity Problems 51 VIII. An Overview and Recommendations 56 IX.Bibliography Items 1. General Perspective 1 -53 62 2.1. General: Water Balance Problems 54 -67 68 2.Arid Lands and Climatic Classification 68 -90 72 3.Soil Infiltration and Permeability 91 -111 75 4.Soil Water Balance, Storage, and Movement 112 -156 78 5.Evapotranspiration, Consumptive Use, and Irrigation Scheduling 157 -201 83 6.Soil Drainage and the Water Table 202 -212 88 3.1. General: Soil and. Water Salts 213 -231 90 2. Water Quality Criteria and Analysis 232 -260 93 3.Irrigation with Low Quality Waters 261 -279 97 Items Page 4.Distribution and Properties of Saline and Alkaline Soils 280 -320 100 5.Leaching and the Mixing and Move- ments of Salts in Soil Solutions 321 -352 105 6.Cation Exchange Processes 353 -372 109 4.1. General: Salinity and Drought Effects on Plants 373 -379 112 2.Plant -Water Relations: Absorption, Transpiration, and Water Potential Measurement 380 -402 114 3. Osmotic Effects and Physiological Systems 403 -429 117 4.Ion Absorption, Distribution, and General Nutrition Effects 430 -456 120 5.Salt Tolerance and Salinity Effects on General Plant Groups 457 -492 123 6.Investigations of Salt Effects on Specific Crops 493 -507 128 7.Salt Tolerance in Wild Plants 508 -512 130 8.Germination Problems 513 -527 131 9.Salinity Effects on Plant Hormones, Cell Biochemistry, and Micro- structure 528 -554 133 10.Microorganisms 555 -562 136 11.Boron Effects on Plants 563 -568 137 5.1. General Reclamation and Salinity Prevention Practices 569 -614 138 2.Drainage 615 -653 144 3.Systems of Irrigation Water Application 654 -673 149 4.Soil Amendments 674 -686 152 5.Potentially Important Soil Reclamation Techniques: Electrodialysis, Mulches, Polysaccharides, Sanding and Tillage Practices 687 -712 154 6.Irrigation with Saline Water, and Salt Water Dilution Effects 713 -730 157 7. Rice Growing and Crop Rotation 731 -738 160 8.Soil Salinity Measurement 739 -745 161 9. Greenhouse Production 746 -748 162 Items Page_ 6. 1.General References: Salinity in River Basins 749 -758 163 2.Natural Salt Sources 759 -787 165 3.Man -Caused Salt Sources 788 -807 169 4.Surface Water Hydrology and Chemistry 808 -821 172 5.Groundwater Distribution and Quality Problems 822 -850 174 6.Basin -Wide Salt Balance and Water Quality Studies 851 -895 178 7.Nitrate Pollution Problems 896 -909 184 7. Socioeconomic Aspects of Salinity Problems 910-948 186 8. An Overview and Recommendations 949 -985 191 X.Permuted Title Index 196 XI.Author Index 291 FOREWORD The Arid Lands Resource Information Paper presentedhere is the first of a series to be prepared for the Water Resources ScientificInformation Center of the U. S. Department of the Interior, Office of WaterResources Research, on Grants 14-01-0001.-1616 and 14- 31- 0001 -3391, to theUniversity of Arizona, Office of Arid Lands Studies (OALS), Patricia Paylore,Principal Investigator. The historic role of the OALS has been the identification,evaluation, and com- puterized control of documentation relating to the world'sarid lands. As our in- formation services have expanded and become better known,certain contemporary topics emerge repeatedly as being of deepestconcern to those who have sought our help.This particular paper was selectedas the first to be developed because of the urgent need to find answers to the pressing problem ofincreasing salinity in the irrigation water furnished Mexico underGovernment Treaty from the Colorado River and its main tributary in Arizona, the Gila.International concern is equally as great as Arizona's or the Federal Government's, andways of dealing effectively with this issue are the recurring subject of diplomaticand political discussions. While this particular immediate case in point is themost highly visible at the moment, its extension to comparable problemareas throughout the arid world is imminent. Because of its timeliness, then, it isour hope that this paper will be a useful adjunct to permanent, realistic, and proper solutions to this worldwide problem. In providing this review of world technical literature,we believe it can be instrumental in the decisions that must be takennationally and internationally to insure equitable answers to a matter demanding scientific,environmental, and social considerations of the highest order. We have tried to tie this array of information together in sucha way as to express a continuity of development by concept, following through on an ideaon this basis rather than a simple chronological or authorarrangement. The evaluative narrative, then, is the vehicle for presenting our findings. The views expressed are those of Mr. Casey and myself, and inno way should be construed as the official views of either the U. S.Government or the University of Arizona. Patricia Paylore Assistant Director Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona85719 June 30, 1972 -i- SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS W INPUT TRANSACTION FORM SALINITY PROBLEMS IN ARID LANDS IRRIGATION:A LITERATURE REVIEW AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY, . '0.- 91-; stor ,, Casey, H. E. Arizona University, Office of Arid Lands Studies OWRR 14 -01- 0001 -1616 .. R,.p :nd tug Arid Lands Resource Information Paper No. 1.284 p. A biliography of 986 references with accompanyingtext that reviews broadly such topics as water quality and the total drainage basin,salinity prevention and soil reclamation, - salinity and drought effects on plants, soil and watersalts, basic water balance problems in relation to irrigation, plus a perspective on historicsalinity problems and an overview. Socio- economic aspects are considered, with reference tothe Colorado River basin as an example in microc- ^a ~. There is discussion of currently usedand potential ameliorative techniques that enough to constitute a break - w(ir'- -, de' current methods more efficient, raise productivity thretg'and high- humidity low water -use greenhouse structuresthat would radically alter current arid lands irrigation methods. Recommendationsarising from this review of the worlds technical literature include: 1) standard reclamation practicesshould be used wherever possible; 1 2) inwensive research and development efforts should be encouraged on crop growingmethods ,. ;tituting majordepartures from standard irrigation practices, or thosethat increase crop t- lorance to saline waters and soils; 3) national governmentsshould recognize the seriousness of salinity problems and accord them high scientificpriority; 4) independent institutes for in- formation- gathering and research direction should beestablished and supported; and 5) planning construction and large -scale reclamation projectsshould be suspended or slowed until a more balanced assessment of their viability can be determined.(author) *Bibliographies, *Salinity, *Salts, *Irrigation water, *Waterquality, Arid lands, Salt tolerance, Leaching, Drainage systems, Saline water, Irrigationeffects, Irrigation practices, Land reclamation, Watersheds (basins), Water policy, Colorado RiverBasin, Mexican Water Treaty, Greenhouses, Return flow, Southwest U.S. 06G ,1 S, zre4` .r xl a of Send To: `Zer e:. WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER '"i U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WASHINGTON. O. C. 20240 Hugh E. Casey ' University of Arizona PREFACE In presenting a bibliography on irrigation- related salinityproblems, there is wide latitude for judgment in selection. We have chosen toaccept the basic view that these problems do not relate exclusively tocrop growing or farm irrigation practices, but extend into all other activities ina drainage basin that affect the quality of irrigation waters. Since somany problems exist on this wide spectrum, and since only recently have the interconnections betweenthem begun to be investi- gated, the philosophy behind our bibliographical choiceshas been that the error of inclusion of possibly irrelevant material is considerably lessserious than that