State of Knowledge on Fate and Behaviour of Ship-Source Petroleum Product Spills: Volume 3, Port Hawkesbury- Canso Strait, Nova Scotia Scott A. Ryan¹, Gary Wohlgeschaffen¹, Nusrat Jahan¹, Haibo Niu², Alice C. Ortmann¹, Trevor N. Brown¹, Thomas L. King¹, and Jason Clyburne³ ¹Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2 ²Department of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 ³Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3 2019 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3176 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Manuscript reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which deals with national or regional problems. Distribution is restricted to institutions or individuals located in particular regions of Canada. 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Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3176 2019 State of Knowledge on Fate and Behaviour of Ship-Source Petroleum Product Spills: Volume 3, Port Hawkesbury-Canso Strait, Nova Scotia by Scott A. Ryan1, Gary Wohlgeschaffen1, Nusrat Jahan1, Haibo Niu2, Alice C. Ortmann1, Trevor N. Brown1, Thomas L. King1, and Jason Clyburne3 1. Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2 2. Department of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 3. Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2019 Cat. No. Fs97-4/3176E-PDF ISBN 978-0-660-30896-8 ISSN 1488-5387 Correct citation for this publication: Ryan, S.A., Wohlgeschaffen, G., Jahan, N., Niu, H., Ortmann, A.C., Brown, T.N., King, T.L., and Clyburne, J. 2019. State of Knowledge on Fate and Behaviour of Ship-Source Petroleum Product Spills: Volume 3, Port Hawkesbury-Canso Strait, Nova Scotia. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 3176: viii + 41 p. ii CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................... vii Résumé ......................................................................................................................... viii 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 2 Geography ............................................................................................................... 3 3 Hydrography ............................................................................................................ 6 3.1 Bathymetry ........................................................................................................ 6 3.2 Currents ............................................................................................................ 7 3.3 Tides ................................................................................................................. 8 3.4 Watershed......................................................................................................... 9 3.5 Salinity and Water Temperature ..................................................................... 10 4 Climate ................................................................................................................... 13 4.1 Temperature and Precipitation ........................................................................ 13 4.2 Wind and Waves ............................................................................................. 13 5 Past Oil Spills ......................................................................................................... 16 5.1 Arrow Spill ....................................................................................................... 17 6 Modelling ................................................................................................................ 18 6.1 Oil Behaviour .................................................................................................. 18 6.2 Oil Transport ................................................................................................... 28 7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 37 8 References ............................................................................................................. 38 iii FIGURES Figure 1. Port Hawkesbury and the Strait of Canso study area ....................................... 3 Figure 2. Map of the Strait of Canso. River data (blue lines) from Nova Scotia Geographic Data Directory (Government of Nova Scotia 2019). .......................... 4 Figure 3. Photo of the Canso Causeway ......................................................................... 5 Figure 4. Bathymetry of the Strait of Canso and Chedabucto Bay, depth values in metres. ................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 5. Measured tides in Port Hawkesbury, 30 April - 7 May 2004, time in GMT, height in meters (Parrott 2010) ................................................................... 9 Figure 6. Freshwater discharge (m3/s) in the Strait of Canso (Gregory et al. 1993) ........ 9 Figure 7. Temperature and salinity along the Strait of Canso from May 1-3, 1973 (Vilks et al. 1975). ............................................................................................... 11 Figure 8. Temperature and salinity along the Strait of Canso from August 13-15, 1973 (Vilks et al. 1975). ...................................................................................... 12 Figure 9. Wind rose for Port Hawkesbury January 2003 ............................................... 19 Figure 10. Current rose for Port Hawkesbury January 2003 ......................................... 19 Figure 11. Sea water temperature ................................................................................. 20 Figure 12. Oil budget for a spill of ALC.......................................................................... 22 Figure 13. Predicted change in viscosity for a spill of ALC ............................................ 22 Figure 14. Predicted change in density for a spill of ALC .............................................. 23 Figure 15. Oil budget for a spill of diesel ....................................................................... 24 Figure 16. Oil budget for a spill of IFO180 ..................................................................... 25 Figure 17. Predicted change in viscosity for a spill of IFO180 ....................................... 25 Figure 18. Predicted change in density of IFO180 .......................................................