BORDER AREAS – ENCOUNTER AREAS NEIGHBOURHOOD CONFLICTS AND NEIGHBOURHOOD CO-OPERATIONS IN EUROPE SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCCASION OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ICOMOS EUROPE GROUP (BERLIN, 3–6 JUNE 2017) ICOMOS DEUTSCHES NATIONALKOMITEE ELEKTRONISCHE PUBLIKATION I ICOMOS GERMAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE ELECTRONIC PUBLICATION I ICOMOS COMITÉ NATIONAL ALLEMAND PUBLICATION ÉLECTRONIQUE I BORDER AREAS – ENCOUNTER AREAS NEIGHBOURHOOD CONFLICTS AND NEIGHBOURHOOD CO-OPERATIONS IN EUROPE SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCCASION OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ICOMOS EUROPE GROUP (BERLIN, 3–6 JUNE 2017) ICOMOS DEUTSCHES NATIONALKOMITEE ELEKTRONISCHE PUBLIKATION I ICOMOS GERMAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE ELECTRONIC PUBLICATION I ICOMOS COMITÉ NATIONAL ALLEMAND PUBLICATION ÉLECTRONIQUE I ICOMOS Deutsches Nationalkomitee – Elektronische Publikation Herausgegeben vom Nationalkomitee der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Präsident: Prof. Dr. Jörg Haspel Vizepräsident: Dr. Christoph Machat Generalsekretärin: Prof. Dr. Sigrid Brandt Geschäftsstelle: Brüderstraße 13, Nicolaihaus, D-10178 Berlin Fon: +49 (0)30.80493 100 · Fax: +49 (0)30.80493 120 E-Mail: [email protected] · Internet: www.icomos.de Mit freundlicher Unterstützung durch die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages. Editing: John Ziesemer Front Cover: Participants of the symposium at the Berlin Wall Memorial (photo ICOMOS Germany) Back Cover: Aerial view of the Hufeisensiedlung, Berlin (photo Landesdenkmalamt Berlin) © 2018 ICOMOS, Nationalkomitee der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise, sowie Verbreitung durch Film, Funk und Fernsehen, durch fotomecha- nische Wiedergabe, Tonträger und Datenverarbeitungssysteme jeglicher Art, nur mit schriftlicher Genehmigung des Verlages. Satz: Hendrik Bäßler, Berlin 4 Content Preface Michael Cramer Jörg Haspel, President of ICOMOS Germany, The ‘Iron Curtain Trail’. Sustainable Mobility Axel Klausmeier, Director of the Berlin as a European “Peace” Project. 47 Wall Foundation . 5 Welcoming Speech by the Sharing the Heritage of War and Peace in Berlin Senator for Culture and Europe, Neighbouring European Countries Dr. Klaus Lederer . 7 Boguslaw Szmygin Welcome and Greetings by Border Regions and Cross Border Activities ICOMOS Vice President in / from Poland . 55 Grellan D. Rourke . 9 Waltraud Kofler Engl Front Lines and Cooperation Lines. The Heritage of War in the Euroregion Tyrol – Alto Adige – Sharing Europe’s Cold War Heritage – Trentino . 60 the Iron Curtain from the Berlin Wall to the Green Belt Europe Irit Amit Cohen Conservation of Rural Encounter Space. Axel Klausmeier The Case of Agricultural Cooperative Settlements The Berlin Wall and the Iron Curtain – and Open Space in Israel. 65 from a Death Strip to a Memorial Landscape and to a European Heritage Label Network . 12 Dražen Arbutina The Croatian Heritage of Borders – Barbara Engels Conflicting Narratives but Shared Pain . 75 The European Green Belt as UNESCO World Heritage? Results of a Multilevel Feasibility Tatjana Adamič, Marko Stokin Study . 17 The Walk of Peace from the Alps to the Adriatic Sea . 81 Hans Peter Jeschke The “European Green Belt and the Iron Curtain” Andras Veöreös – a Linear Cultural Landscape Zone. A Heritage Ensemble after the Population Exchange. Comments on the Structure and Concept Questions to the Historic Town Centre of Sopron . .86 as a Natural and Cultural Heritage of Outstanding Significance . 23 Claus-Peter Echter The Neustadt of Strasbourg . 89 Peter Waldhäusl The Network of Boundaries and its Monuments Irmela Spelsberg for World Heritage . 37 French-German-Polish Shared Heritage. 92 Sergey Gorbatenko Sharing Heritage in the Baltic Region and in Marius Müller the Northwest of Russia . 44 ESACH Report. 99 5 Preface Heritage plays an important role for the cultural and eco- – Theme 1 – Europe: Exchange and movement asks of nomic development and for the social coherence in Eu- the importance and significance of Europe’s common rope. To promote cultural heritage, the European Union routes, paths and axes. declared 2018 as the European Cultural Heritage Year – Connective aspects serve as the starting point for Theme (ECHY) and chose the slogan Sharing Heritage. In Ger- 2 – Europe: Border and encounter regions. many, archaeological and architectural monuments and – Theme 3 – The European city puts at its heart the city, sites provide the basis for the ECHY activities. Special which is a central element of our common European consideration will be given to projects that show how ad- cultural heritage and presence and manifestation of his- ditional forms of tangible and intangible cultural heritage tory. can be integrated. Five leading themes have been defined – Theme 4 – Europe: Remembrance and new starts re- to illustrate key aspects of the European Cultural Heritage calls reasons and wounds of the European wars, which Year: are associated with hopes of change.. Excursion Group of the ICOMOS Europe Meeting 2017 in Berlin at the Glienicke Bridge (constructed 1906 – 07 between Berlin and Potsdam, rebuilt after damages in World War II). During the Cold War the bridge formed the border between East (East Germany) and West (West-Berlin) and became known as Bridge of Spies used to exchange arrested people between East and West. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain and the German reunification (1989–90) the Havel bridge connects the UNESCO World Heritage site Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin. In 2011, the iron construction was awarded the European Heritage Label ( photo ICOMOS Germany). 6 Preface Poles of corten steel marking the border line of the Former death strip between the Berlin Wall and the former Berlin Wall along Bernauer Straße Spree River: the longest remaining section of the Berlin (photo ICOMOS Germany). Wall gained fame as the city’s longest picture wall and open-air gallery in 1990. It is called East Side Gallery because of more than 100 paintings on the street side (photo ICOMOS Germany) – Networks for exchanging and sharing cultural heritage al of the barbed wire between Austria and Hungary and are the common ground for Theme 5 with the title Eu- with the opening of the Berlin Wall in 1989 – ICOMOS rope: Living Heritage. Germany and the Berlin Wall Foundation organised the scientific colloquium of ICOMOS Europe under the The fall of the Berlin Wall and the opening of the Iron guiding topic Border Areas – Encounter Areas. Neigh- Curtain between 1989 and 1991 fundamentally changed bourhood Conflicts and Neighbourhood Cooperations in the political landscape in Europe. The consequences of Europe. the peaceful revolution for the present demarcations and In accordance with the Sharing Heritage slogan of the for nation-building in Europe are comparable to the po- European Cultural Heritage Year, the scientific symposi- litical realignments in Central and Eastern Europe after um of ICOMOS Europe wished to afford all participating the Thirty-Years-War (1618–1648), the First World War ICOMOS national committees the opportunity to reflect (1914–1918), including the downfall of the Ottoman, processes of adopting, rejecting and adapting the joint Habsburg and German Empires, and finally after the cultural heritage in a transnational context and to intro- Second World War (1939–1945). In the newly structured duce experiences made with bi- and multinational neigh- territories, art and culture of the previous societies and bourhood initiatives and cooperation projects. For this states have been preserved. Furthermore, the history of purpose, activities in transnational European regions and war and tyranny, of flight and expulsion has also become explicitly in the so-called “EuroRegions” could provide manifest in material evidence as well as in the destruction cultural-geographic and historical-geographic reference of monuments. points. Four hundred years after the beginning of the Thir- The scientific colloquium wished to approach the top- ty-Years-War in 1618 and one hundred years after the ic of Border Areas – Encounter Areas. Neighbourhood end of the First World War in 1918, which was largely Conflicts and Neighbourhood Cooperations in Europe a European war, the European Cultural Heritage Year mainly from two perspectives: In the first section, the (ECHY) 2018 will be dedicated to the heritage of war border and connecting line of the Iron Curtain, dividing and peace and to the idea of transnational understanding Europe after the war as insurmountable death strip and and reconciliation. The annual meeting of ICOMOS Eu- today an important intertwined European area between rope in June 2017, which took place in Germany for the East and West, was meant to be a thematic focus and to be first time, was meant to advance multinational discussion discussed as a modern European border landscape with and help prepare the European Cultural Heritage Year outstanding cultural and natural heritage: Sharing Eu- and its thematic focuses in 2018. In the context of the rope’s Cold War Heritage – the Iron Curtain between the European unification process and the German reunifica- Berlin Wall and Green Belt Europe. In the second section, tion after 1989 – symbolically heralded with the remov- bi- and multinational border and encounter areas served 7 Preface as framework for discussing historic and current neigh- Students’ Association for Cultural Heritage (ESACH) was bourhood conflicts and cooperations on a European scale: able to take part in the colloquium and write a compre- Sharing the