MEDIEVAL INDIA 2021 Table Of Content Titles Page No Architecture in Pallava ........................................................................................................... 1 Important Battles ................................................................................................................... 2 Mughal Painting ...................................................................................................................... 5 Formation Of New States ..................................................................................................... 13 After Death Of Harsha : Early Medieval India .................................................................... 22 How Islam came to India? ................................................................................................... 25 Delhi Sultanate .................................................................................................................... 28 Architecture .......................................................................................................................... 33 India Under The Delhi Sultanate ......................................................................................... 38 Bhakti Movement .................................................................................................................. 44 Sufism ................................................................................................................................... 45 Bhakti Saints Of South India ............................................................................................... 47 Guru Nanak (1469-1539) .................................................................................................... 49 Importance Of The Bhakti Movement ....................................................................................... 51 Foundation of Vijayanagar ......................................................................................................... 52 Bahmani Kingdom ............................................................................................................... 56 Foreign Travelers ................................................................................................................. 57 The Mughal Empire ............................................................................................................. 59 Humayun ............................................................................................................................. 60 India Under The Mughals ..................................................................................................... 65 Growth of Trade .................................................................................................................... 66 MEDIEVAL INDIA 2021 Table Of Content Titles Page No Trade ..................................................................................................................................... 67 Literature ............................................................................................................................. 69 Delhi Sultanate Architecture ............................................................................................... 69 Lodhi Architecture ............................................................................................................... 70 Mughal Architecture .....................................................................................................................72 Taj Mahal .............................................................................................................................. 74 MEDIEVAL INDIA 2021 Architecture in Pallava Chola Empire • It was a great age of temple • Caste system was widely building. The Pallavas introduced prevalent during the Chola the art of excavating temples from period. Brahmins and the rock. In fact, the Dravidian Kshatriyas enjoyed special style of temple architecture began privileges. The inscriptions of the with the Pallava rule. later period of the Chola rule • Mahendravarman I introduced mention about two major the rock-cut temples. This style of divisions among the castes – Pallava temples are seen at places Valangai and Idangaicastes. like Mandagappattu, • However, there was cooperation ahendravadi, Mamandur, among various castes and sub- Dalavanur, Tiruchirappalli, castes in social and religious life. Vallam, Siyamangalam and The position of women did not Tirukalukkunram. improve. The practice of ‘sati’ was • The second stage of Pallava prevalent among the royal architecture is represented by the families. monolithic rathas and Mandapas • The devadasi system or dancing found at Mamallapuram. girls attached to temples emerged • Narasimhavarman I took the during this period. credit for these wonderful • Both Saivism and architectural monuments. The Vaishnavism continued to five rathas, popularly called as flourish during the Chola the Panchapanadava rathas, period. A number of temples signifies five different styles of were built with the patronage of temple architecture. Chola kings and queen Vijayanagara Kingdom Foreign Travellers • The most striking feature about However, among these travellers, only the location of Vijayanagara is the Duarte Barbosa and Dominigo natural basin formed by the river Paes visited Vijayanagar during Tungabhadra which flows in a the reign of Krishna Deva Raya. Try north-easterly direction. to know about other foreign travelers • The surrounding landscape is visiting different emperors/kings. characterised by stunning granite hills that seem to form a girdle Bhakti Movement around the city. A number of streams flow down to the river Sankara from these rocky outcrops. In • 11thcentury – started a Hindu almost all cases embankments revivalist movement giving a new were built along these streams to orientation to Hinduism. create reservoirs of varying sizes. • Born – Kaladi in Kerala. • Gave doctrine of Advaita or Monism. 1 MEDIEVAL INDIA 2021 • He taught that Brahma, the only world is not an illusion but a or Ultimate Reality, was formless reality. God, soul, matter are and without any attributes i.e. unique in nature. Nirguna Brahma (god without • Nimbarka and attributes) Vallabhacharya are other • He considered the world around preachers of Vaishnavite Bhakti us to be an illusion or maya. in the Telungana region. • According to him to understand • Krishna Deva Raya was the the true nature of Brahman and ruler of Vijayanagar during the attain salvation –renunciate the period of 1ST battle of Panipat. world and adopt the path of • Krishna Deva Raya reign lasts up knowledge. to 1530 and the 1St battle of Panipat happened in 1526. Ramanuja • This battle was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi resulting • 12thcentury – gave doctrine of in establishing of Mughal Empire Visishtadvaita or qualified in India. oneness in that the soul even when united with the Supreme Important Battles God remained distinct. • Born – Sriperumbudur near Battle of Panipat modern Chennai. • According to him God is There have been three Battles of Sagunabrahman. Panipat • Creative process and all the • The 1st Battle of Panipat (1526), objects in creation are real but between Babur and the Delhi not illusory. Therefore, God, Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, resulting soul, matter are real. in a Victory of Mughals. • He also advocated • The 2nd Battle of Panipat (1556), prabattimarga or path of self- betweenthe Mughal Ruler surrender to God. Akbar and Hemu, theHindu • To attain salvation - through ruler of North India from Delhi, intense devotion to Vishnu. resulting in a Mughal victory. • The 3rdBattle of Panipat (1761), Madhava betweenthe Durrani Empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali of • 13th century - propagated Dvaita Afghanistan and the Maratha or dualism of Jivatma and Empire of Balaji Baji Rao, Paramatma. resulting indecisive Afghan • Born - Pajaka near Udupi, a victory. coastal Malabar region of south- west India in the state of Battle of Khanua Karnataka. • God is Sagunabrahma. • Fought between - Rana Sangha of • According to his philosophy, the Mewar, a great Rajput warrior, and Babur in 1527. 2 MEDIEVAL INDIA 2021 • Result - Babur won a decisive Raya, did on ascending the throne victory over ana. was to put a stoptothe regular loot • Babur assumed the title Ghazi. and raid, affairs by the Bahmanis. • Ghazi mean a Muslim fighter • The raiding Bahmani army of against non– Muslims. Bijapur was decisively routed at the Battle of Diwaniand Krishna Battle of Chanderi Deva Raya, went in hotpursuit of the Bahmani Sultan,Yusuf • Fought between – Babur and AdilShah. Rajput ruler Medini Rai at • The retreating Bijapur sultan, Chanderi in 1528. Yusuf AdilShah, was defeated and • Result – Babur won. killed at Kovilkonda,it was a crushing blow for the Bijapur Battle of Ghagra forces. • Narasa Nayaka was the founder of • Fought between - Babur and TuluvaDynasty. Afghans (Mahmud Lodhi) near • Sadasiva Raya was the last ruler the confluence ofGangaand of Tuluva Dyansty. Ghagra in Bihar in 1529. • Result - Babur won. Firoz Shah Tughlaq According to Ain-i-Akbari land was We know of Firoz Shah Tughlaq in classified as – partthrough his 32-page autobiography, titledFutuhat-efirozshahi. 1. Polaj – It was land which is annually cultivated for each crop in succession • He was 45 when he became and is never allowed to lie fallow. Sultan of Delhi in 1351. He ruled 2. Parauti – land left out of cultivation until 1388. At his succession, after fora time that it may recover