ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS OF THE RESETTLERS OF TARBELA DAM IN PAKISTAN By MUHAMMAD KAMRAN A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR (2018) DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR APPROVAL SHEET This is certified that contents and format of this thesis titled, ―Adjustment problems of Resettlers of Tarbela Dam in Pakistan‖ submitted by Mr. Muhammad Kamran partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of ―Doctor of Philosophy of Social Work‖ have been approved by the supervisory committee after successful public defense. SUPERVISOR _________________________ Professor Dr. Johar Ali Dean faculty of Social Sciences University of Peshawar INTERNAL EVALUATOR/EXAMINER _________________________ Dr. Hazirullah Associate professor Chairman, Department of Sociology International Islamic University Islamabad INTERNAL EXAMINER _________________________ Dr. Aaqib Shahzad Alvi Lecturer, Department of Social Work University of Sargodha INTERNAL EXAMINER _________________________ Dr. Shahkeel Ahmad Assistant Professor Deparment of Social Work University of Peshawar COUNTERSIGNED BY _________________________ Dr. Rashid Khan Chairman Department of Social Work University of Peshawar i ABSTRACT The present ethnographic study explores the displacement of the people by the government of Pakistan‘s mega project Tarbela dam. Those affected by the project were resettled in different areas of Pakistan. The study has critically analyzed the problems faced by such resettlers after the resettlement. Therefore, the topic chosen for this study is ―adjustment problems of the resettlers of Tarbela dam in Pakistan‖. The study has found that the involuntary resettlement created many problems for the resettlers in the areas of the resettlement including problems in language, education, housing, sanitation, construction, weather conditions, employment and assimilation. While the main objective of this study is to understand the perceptions of the resettlers (both men and women) regarding their adjustment in the new areas. Previous studies from around the world have shown that people affected by such mega projects were not properly compensated. Governments usually do not do much for resettlers; they pay them nominal price and do not assist them much. The same thing happened in this case as well. The resettlers were not properly compensated and, therefore, they still feel deprived; they criticize the government‘s officials for such an action. This study, therefore, has employed qualitative methodology wherein unstructured interviews and focused group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with the respondents. The research design was ethnography wherein the researcher lived in the communities under investigation. Furthermore, the study has found that in Pakistan there is still no resettlement policy for people displaced by the government‘s decisions. In the absence of such a policy, it does not seem possible to compensate the resettlers according to the law. Apparently all mega development projects in Pakistan, involving dislocation of people have been carried out on the basis of the World Bank guidelines for resettlement. The key ii findings of the study are removal of their Hujra system which caused their non-adjustment in the new area. Secondly, loss of veiling (Pardah) for women due to displacement was yet another reason for their non-adjustment in the new area. A policy for proper assimilation and compensation of resettlers has been recommended in this research. It has also been suggested that resettlers must be involved in the planning, designing and implementation stages of resettlement plan. Furthermore, need to protect culture of resettlers and their values has been highlighted and recommended in this research iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am grateful to Allah, Almighty for giving me the vision and the potential to effectively continue with my research. This research has become possible due to the support and guidance of quite a few people in my life. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all of them. Different people have contributed to this thesis in different capacities. Firstly, the most significant and scholarly contribution was made by my supervisor Professor Johar Ali, Vice Chancellor, University of Malakand. He encouraged and guided me at every step along the way and took keen interest in my work. He always helped and assisted me during the course of my research. Secondly, I am thankful to my elder brother, Engr. Bahadur Shah, who supported me morally and financially. I am also thankful to Dr. Imran A. Sajid at the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies and Dr. M. Ibrar at the Social Work Department, University of Peshawar who motivated and supported me to complete my research every time I thought of leaving it in the middle. I must thank Mr. Ijaz Khan, a school principal and a key informant at Kalabut Township for his time and support, and for the information he provided by arranging interviews with respondents during my field research. I am also extremely thankful to my wife, Javiaria Kamran, and to my daughters, Muskan Kamran, Hurraine Kamran, and my sons Muhammad Jibran Shah and Muhammad Ambar Shah for their tremendous patience and for helping me complete my work. I am grateful to my mother, Hussan Bano, and my brothers and sisters for their prayers and best wishes. Last but not least, I am thankful to my father-in-law, Muhammad Iqbal, my mother-in-law, and my brothers and sister-in-law for their constant support and prayers throughout my research. iv DEDICATION In the memory of my father, Ambar Shah (late), who made every effort to providing us quality education & to my Mother, Hussan Bano, whose love and care are the assets of my life. Special thanks to my wife, Javiaria Kamran, for her love and patience and for the precious time she gave to our children in my absence. I could not have completed this work without her extraordinary support & encouragement. The core credit is dedicated to my brother, Engineer Bahadur Shah, who gave me moral and financial support in completing this research. v TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL SHEET -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II ABSTRACT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- III DEDICATION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES -------------------------------------------------------------------- X LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --------------------------------------------------------------------------- XI CHAPTER I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY --------------------------------------------------------------- 12 1.2. WHAT MOTIVATED ME TO CONDUCT THIS STUDY? -------------------------------------- 13 1.3. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY ------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY --------------------------------------------------------------- 17 1.5. OUTLINE OF THE STUDY ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 CHAPTER II ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 THEORIZING THE CONCEPT OF DAM AND ITS IMPACT ON PEOPLE’S ADJUSTMENT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 2.1 PART I --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 2.1.1. Concept of Dam --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 2.1.2. Purpose of Dams -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 2.1.3. Types of Dams ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 2.1.3.1. Gravity Dam--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 2.1.3.2. Buttress Dam -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 2.1.3.3. Embankment Dam ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 2.1.3.4. Arch Dams ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 PART II ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26 2.2. HISTORY OF DAMS: GLOBAL AND LOCAL PERSPECTIVE ------------------------------- 26 2.2.1. History of Dams in the World ---------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.2.2. The B.C. Period --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2.2.3. The First Millennium (A.D.) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 29 vi 2.2.4. The Middle Ages: The Period 1000 to 1600 A.D. ---------------------------------------- 30 2.2.5. The Period 1600 to 1800 A.D. --------------------------------------------------------------- 31 2.2.6. The Nineteenth Century -----------------------------------------------------------------------