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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Transferring Prior Art Knowledge and Skills To Computer Graphics Image-Making DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Yina Chang , B.A., Licenciado, M.F.A. The Ohio State University 1994 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Prof. Arthur Efland Prof. John Belland Adviser Prof. Virginia Weinhold Department of Art Education Copyright by YIna Chang 1994 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely appreciate the guidance and direction that Dr. Authur Efland provided throughout the writing of this dissertation. I also thank the other members of my Advisory Committee, Dr. John Belland and Professor Virginia Weinhold for their suggestions and comments. Gratitude is expressed to The Advanced Computing Center for the Art and Design which has provided me with the enviomment that has assisted me in many respects, at various time. My special thanks go to all my students that I have ever had at the Computer in the Visual Art class at the Ohio State University. They were not only the resouces from which my research ideas originated, but were also my experimental subjects in different research areas for several quarters. Finally, to all my friends, who shared with me all the joyful and hard moments during the general exam, dissertation writing and revising, and during my life in Columbus my heartfelt gratitude. VITA October 28,1950 Bom - Taipei, Taiwan 1972 ............................................................ B.A., University of Chinese Chinese 1978 Licenciado en Bellas Artes University of Madrid 1978-1985 Art & Design Teacher Colegio Cardenal Spinola 1985-1987 M.F.A Southern Illinois University FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Art Education Studies in Computer Graphics and Animation in Visual Art Advanced Computing Center for the Art and Design Department of Art Education The Ohio State University TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................. ii VITA .....................................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................vii LIST OF PLATES.................................................................................................ix CHAPTER page I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY Something new in the art classroom ..................................................1 The questions of transfer .........................................................................2 Teaching for transfer .................................................................................3 Issues related to transfer ......................................................................... 4 Technical vs. artistic- Why ignorant a r t .................................................5 What the research does not say ............................................................... 6 The questions of art knowledge ............................................................. 7 Art knowledge and medium ................................................................... 7 The purpose of the s t u d y ........................................................................7 The nature of the study ............................................................................8 Specific questions to be studied ...............................................................9 ITie organization of the book ..................................................................10 H. DESIGN OF THE STUDY ntroduction ...............................................................................................12 Methods of data collection .....................................................................16 1. Questionnaire and pretest ....................................................16 2. Journal and sketchbooks ..................................................... 17 3. Structured interview and portfolio .....................................19 4. Electronic documentation of computer images ................20 Process of data collection ....................................................................... 20 iv Methods of data analysis .....................................................................22 C onclusion ............................................................................................25 m. TRANSFER OF LEARNING AND IMAGE-MAKING Introduction ...........................................................................................26 The concept of learning ........................................................................26 Essentials of transfer .............................................................................. 27 Knowledge and skills in transfer situations ........................................29 Strategies of transfer............................................................................. 30 Art knowledge ....................................................................................... 34 Transfer art knowledge ......................................................................... 35 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 36 Significance of the s tu d y .......................................................................37 IV THE ISSUES OF ART MEDIUM: COMPUTER AS AN ART TOOL AND MEDIUM The issue of the art medium ................................................................. 39 Computer a tool and medium .............................................................. 40 The concept of input and o u tp u t..........................................................42 Paint system ........................................................................................... 43 Paint system Vs. painting ........................................................... 44 V. ASPECTS FOR ANALYZING THE TRANSFER OF ART KNOWLEDGE / Analyzing Vs. evaluating art w o rk s ...................................................47 The s tu d y ................................................................................................49 Four aspects of the criteria for analyzing participant's studio works .......................................................................................... 50 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 57 VI. PRIOR ART KNOWLEDGE Vs. COMPUTER ASSISTED ART WORK: TEN CASE STUDIES Introduction ...........................................................................................59 Case one: A ndy ...................................................................................... 73 Case two: A nne .......................................................................................88 Case three: J e a n ...................................................................................101 v Case four: Bob....................................................................................... 116 Case five: M ary .....................................................................................131 Case six: Jeff...........................................................................................145 Case seven: Paul ................................................................................... 159 Case eight: Eddi .................................................................................... 173 Case nine: Kristin ..................................................................................187 Case ten: Dave ...................................................................................... 200 VII. RESULTS OF THE STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE ON COMPUTER IMAGE-MAKING..................................................................210 STRATEGY