4-. + ..... 1111 Of. 44 4 44 *4.4-4 -- 1 , S 4-+ 0114110-441 " 0111 - . * + + 0 +4 0 a ......4* . .,441.4.41 I. CONTENTS a II Page , . Foreword. OOOOO OOOOOOOO e OOOO e n > Introduction OOOOOOO . OOOOOOO OOOO 41' Introduction . OOOOOO . 41.1P OO OOOOOO OO 1 aale OOOOOOO . 46. Youth In Oec ?pledBelgium. 4, . 6-0 1111 1 2 , FAucatilmIn Occupied OOOOO OOOOO OOO OOOOOOOOOOOO China.. .A 1 1 Effects of WarUpon theIntellectual Life of e ezochoslovakla OOOOO OOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 15 Education InFrance Duringthe War. .25 Condition ofEducation'in Greet!and the Position of PupilsLe Seboolsand Colleges , 33 Schools InLuxembourg UnderEnemy Occupation 39 Education in theNetherlands Underthe Oceupatin 44 Educatin InNorway UnderGerman Oeeupation 52 4 Youth and EducationInOccupied.Poland' O OOOOOOOOO IV 62 I 4 a ap a r' 4 o A°0 . 4: \ 1, 1.4 RIP, %. 1 --=LI- EDUCATIONUNDER ENEMYOCCUPATION in 4. 4 4.1 BELGIUM CHINA CZECHOSLOVAKIA FRANCE .GREECE °LUXEMBOURG NEilIERLANDS. NORWAY POLAND II A collectionofpapersconcernedwith theeffects ofwarandenemy occupationoneducationin nine countries in Europeand the FarEast,prepared at therequest of the United, StatesCommissioner- of Education,-Dr. J.W. Studebaker,by tlie Ministersof Edurationortheir representativesof therespectivecountries. Bulletin 1945No. 3 Or FederalSecurity Agency Paul V.McNutt, Administrator t. U. S. Officeof Education * John W.Studebaker,Commissioner e. 1. V. UNIT= 'TAMGO,VRINIIENT PRINTINGonus.WASHINGTON s 1948 For sale bythe Superintendentof Toad.. U. S. GovoroatootPrinting Wks Iraoldagtoo Mg D.C.Pries 154 4. _ s. FOlEWORDi We in the United States havebeen spared the 1seve'restravagesofwar. Yetourgood fortune hasnot madeuscallous to the sufferings ofother nations. 04r sympathy andourhelp havegoneout to the victims df Nazi destruction, especially whenthe victims have been innocent children and youth. Concerned for the fearful effects ofwar onchildren and youth, Americans havefrequently asked:Juitwhat has haspened to education inenemy-occupied countries? TMs phlet presentsarealisticanswerto thatques- 'ion, prepared from reports of theMinisters of Education of Allied Governments. Because education must providethe broad founda- tion of understanding and good will, ofeconomic, politi- cal, and social competency on'whichalonecanbe erected the structure of 'a durablepeace,it is imperativethat education in the countries be speedilyresumed. The pressing importance of thatresumption and theways in which itcanbe facilitated constitutethe theme of this pamphlet t 1 01W 1)17 q U. S.Comm of Education. .0 4 40. e EDUCATIONUNDERENEMYt. OCCUPATION t. EVTRODUC1'ION AS YETwein theUnitedStateshave hadvery little specific and authoritativeinformationfromtheenemy-occupiedcountries ofEuropeand theFarEastaboutwhat hashappenedand is happeningto theintellectuallife oftheirpeople.Especiallyare wewithoutknowledgeof whatactuallyishappeningto schools andto the educationofchildrenand youtbeitheras aresult of#4 the war orof theGermanefforts forthe"Nazification"of youth. Recognizingtheselimitationsinour information and'desirous that the citizens oftheUnitedStates,particularlythe youthin ourschools andcolleges,should bemadeasfullyawareas of the possible situation,Owmembersof theAmericanEducationDelega- tion meeting hiLondonin thespringof 1944,arrangedtosecure authenticinformationontheimportantmattersindicated.The 'delegationreferredtowas appointed bytheSecretaryof State of theUnitedStatesfor thepurpose ofparticipatingwith ministers ofeducation,,ortheirrepresentatives,of 17 in nations a conference tp be helain Londonwhere,asis wellknown,most of theoccupiedcountrieshavesetup governmentsin exile. Arpng otherdisclosures,thediscussionsof theconference madeclear "thethreatto civilizationcreatedby the and cold-blooded considereddestructionby theAxis oftheeducationaland culturalresourcesofgreat partsof thecontinentsofEurope and Asia; themurder ofteachers,artists,scientists,Andintellectual leaders;theburningof booksthe-pillagingandmutilation of works ofart; therifling ofarchives;and thetheftofscientific apparatus."As the&airman-of thedelegation,Congressman J.William Fulbright,1stated ina recent articleinEDUCATION FOR VICTORY,"OurFascistenemies,recognizingthefundamental importanceof enlightenetcitizenstoasociety offreemen,with calculatedthoroughnesshavedestroyedtheeducationalresources ofgreatparts ofEurope andAsia." Theextent ofthedestructioncannotasyet'befullyreported. Indeed, it is onlypartiallyknown.However,theAmericanDele- gationdecidedas an initial stepto holditselfresponsiblefor collectingandobtainingsuchauthoritativeinformationasis available.TheUnitedStatesCommissioner,ofEducation,a memberof the Otegation,agreedthatsuchmaterialmight well *AntU. S.Boaster. 2 EDUCATION UNDERENEMYOCCUPATION I. be forniulatedas abulletin of the U. S. Office of Education. As 8uc4 he indicated it would receive wide distribution,especially &cloths school offidals And youth in secondary schools and colleges ló whom it will makeanespecially strong appeal. In accordance with the agreed-uponplanaletterwas sent by the Commissioner to therespective Fninisters of education of the occupied countries then resident inLondon,ortheirrepre- sentatives, requestingastatement from each addressed especially to the interestof yóung people of the United Statesof' theage§ of about 12 to 22years.Extracts from the letter follow:, The Members of the American EducationDelegation desire *ery much that the citises of theUnited States, and particularly the children and youngpe"opleinourschools and colleges, shall be made u.fullyaware as possible of the effects of war upon theintellectual fife of the occupied countries.Consequently the United States Office of Education, with the cooperation of the Department of State, willpublish and distribute widely, 4'especially to -secondary. schools and colleges, accounts ofwhat has taken place inwar-torn countries,hot only in destroyingthematerials with which education is normallycarried'forward, but likewise in the employment of variousmeansbywhich° psychologi*warfare is cairiedonfor thepurpose of maintaining the conquestthrough cultivation of the fascist philosophy andeventhrough depraving the minds of theIlium. When the statements from the several counttiesareinproperform, they will be published by the United States Office of Education.This project - representsoneof the initig4 steps to be taken In the furtberdevelopment.of plans for cooperation with the United Nations. IResponses to the Commissioner's letterwereprompt and enthusiastic. Aswasexpected, the exigencies of wartime condi- tionsaresuch that not all of the reports requestedare uyét availible.Supplementary accounts from the countries which have notreportedmaybe issued atalater date. This bulletin, then, is devoted to accounts of what thewarand enemyoccupation following it .have meant to education-in 9 of the ir countries towhich requestswereaddresood.Theylase 'presentedas'nearlyaspossible in the form hi which theywere Prepared by the respective ministers of educationortheirrepre- sentatives. heyare,therefore,autheiticand (Metal andrepret sent conditio4sutheywerewhen written, during the early summerof 1044.The U. S. Office of Education present* them to theschools, schoolofficials, and school childrenand youth of the UnitedStates,knowing well their sympatheticinterest in their teasfortunate fellows who have suffered andaresuffering not alone the tragiccalinalties ofwarbut the BUI1liarstalent*, brutal and unnecessarydestruction which followed in Its wake. The terrors ofwarthey have met withadauntless valor; the a Maim 8 persecutions of theoccupation witha courageous fortitude Which has inspiredthe admirationofyouihthe worldover. Inoursecondaryschools andcolleges thesepaperswill be readaspresented forthe story theytell, for thestyle andtone ,of the auihors,for renewedappreciation ofthe valiantmanner inWhichyouth ofcharactermeets disaster;,but the factsdis- closed will leadto further studyof thecountries involved,of their, people,their history,and developmentsocially,economically, and educationally,Perhaps best ofallaretheunderstandings whichoursecondarystudents willget leading towardadeeper appre.ciation oftheseriouaness of theproblems involvedin makinga peacewhich itis the hope ofthe world will.beperma- nently maintained,and in thesolution ofwhich it willbe their high privilegeand dutytsco participate. Thepapersfrom thevarious countriesfollow. YOU= INOCCUPIEDIIELGIIMI lagrdueden Fouryearshavepassed sincethe GermansinvadedBelgium --long enoughto allowusto eitimate theeffects of thewarand of the Nail 'occupationon ouryouth.. a We must firstof allrecognize thatthe physicaland moral conDliont inherentin thestate ofwar aremoresinisternow t6ffin the WorldWar of191448, since totalwarharnessesto its machine 'themaximum energiesof each nag&not only in %the industrialandagricultural domain,but alsoin thespiritual and scientificspheres. Evenin thoseAllied countrieslike Great Britain whichhave notsufferedinvasion, thepresentwarhas had morepainful repercusskinsonchildhoodand adolescencetthan the laidwar. The dearthof scholasticmaterialnoticeable hereis seriously aggravatedin the occupiedcountries by thefact thatGermany abstracts byeverymeansin herpowernot only whatis ofuse to herwareffort, but alsoto lw.r civil populatimi.We know,for instance, that the lackof coalhas closedourschoolsenSaturdays and Mondays;that, forwant ofpaper, homework has hadto be cut down, andthat holidayshave beenprolonged. Wehave just learned thatAlliedbombardments havecaused theclosing of schdols