Copyright by Kyu-soo Chung 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Kyu-soo Chung Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: THE ROLE OF IMMIGRANT PARENTS IN CHILDREN’S SPORT DEVELOPMENT Committee: B. Christine Green, Supervisor Matthew T. Bowers Marlene A. Dixon Thomas M. Hunt Wonsuck Kim THE ROLE OF IMMIGRANT PARENTS IN CHILDREN’S SPORT DEVELOPMENT by Kyu-soo Chung, B.P.Ed.; M.P.Ed.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2014 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to the significant people in my life: My Children—Joseph and Zion, you are the ones who give me reason to strive. My Wife—Seung-yoon, you are my lifelong friend and shelter. My Parents—Mom and Dad, no words can adequately describe what your support means to me. My School—Korea University the institution where I found a pride, Central Michigan University where I found friendship, and The University of Texas at Austin where I was taught humility. & God and his doubtless amazing power over my life. Acknowledgements I can’t believe this moment has arrived. Though I have yearned deeply for this moment, I am not sure how I feel in-the-moment. If someone were to ask me “How does it feel after a long journey of six years?” I would answer, “It’s indescribable, but it seems to me a short dream.” I am about to finish my first journey (from August 2008 to May 2014). It might be better to say that “I have just fastened the first button on a shirt with many.” What will be the second journey? First, I would like to acknowledge my academic advisor, Dr. B. Christine Green. When I first read her article, I felt motivated to pursue my doctoral degree under her supervision. When I first met her, I was so impressed by her warmth and kindness. She suggested that I sit with her at the banquet of 2007 NASSM. For lack of a better word, I was a stranger to her at that time. I immediately felt she would be the perfect advisor for me in sport management. I learned a great deal from her not just through her words but through her actions. Those lessons were not limited to intellectual areas. She showed me how to become a good professor as well as a good person. She has been, in a word, a model for me. She still is. I am so proud to make up a branch of her academic tree. I also would like to acknowledge my dissertation committee. Dr. Matt Bowers was always kind to me and throughout this process helped me a great deal in keeping things running smoothly. Above all, I really appreciate his efforts in checking my entire dissertation word by word. That was tremendous support for me. Dr. Marlene Dixon taught me the joy of academic discussion in her class. I learned from Dr. Thomas Hunt a sense of humility and how we, as scholars, should understand others. Lastly, I would like to thank Dr. Wonsuck Kim for his showing a sincere commitment to my dissertation. v I would like to give special thanks to my friends: Dong Soo, John, and Clay. Instead of saying “No,” Dong Soo always worked to make whatever happen that I had asked of him. I sincerely appreciate how this really tough individual worked for my dissertation. He’s a man with few words. He showed his loyalty and friendship by tacking actions. It was so lucky for me to meet John in Austin. Having conversations with him was a kind of intellectual entertainment. He suggested other perspectives, so I was able to bring balance my political leanings. I know Clay cared about my dissertation. He made me comfortable in completing this work. I am really grateful for the kindness of this Southern gentleman. Our passion for motorsports, I am sure, will help us set up a quality (and unique) motorsports management program in Winston-Salem State University. I cannot leave out acknowledging my UT “gang”: SoYoun, Chiyoung, Seb, Tolga, Joyce, Brennan, Toshi, Yen-Chun, Stacy, and Chung-Hsiang. How could I forget our discussion in Belmont 222K? I would like to thank all the alumni who graduated from the Department of Physical Education at Korea University: Dr. Jong Yeol Son (83), Dr. Hyun Min Kang (87), Dr. Young Sun Yoon (87), Dr. Byoung Ho Kim (88), Dr. Chan Hyuk Park (91), Ho Chun Yoon (96), soon-to-be a doctor Geumchan Hwang (02), and the rest of KUPE. You are a part of my history and memory. Although I am far away from Korea University, I will always try practicing “freedom (자유), justice (정의), truth (진리)” through my life. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Marcia Mackey, Dr. Scott Smith, and Ms. Carrie Appold at Central Michigan University. vi THE ROLE OF IMMIGRANT PARENTS IN CHILDREN’S SPORT DEVELOPMENT Kyu-soo Chung, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2014 Supervisor: B. Christine Green Parents take a powerful role to a child’s sport socializing. Such roles of parents for children’s sport are neither static nor constantly applied, depending on parents’ cultural beliefs and values. An understanding of these dynamics is crucial for sport managers if they are to design and implement sport programs that can attract a culturally diverse group. A cross-cultural study investigated how Korean immigrant parents were different from American and Korean parents in terms of parents’ influences on their children’s sport participation. It was found that a parent’s cultural model was a significant criterion that explained different degrees of practicing role mechanisms—parents as a provider and interpreter. Parents’ acculturation accounted for the outcomes of Korean immigrants in the U.S. The in-depth interviews then explored how Korean immigrant parents supported children’s sport according to their contexts and environments. It was found that they interacted with contextual factors such as family, neighborhood, school, sport organizations, work, policy and system, and cultures. These interactions were affected not only by surrounding contextual factors but also by their traditional customs and values. Being released from education fever, the Korean immigrant parents interacted more actively with the values and customs of American society. Thus, they generally vii implemented an American sport-friendly environment to make their children’s sport happen and continue. This dissertation’s combined studies demonstrate the crucial role of parents in children’s sport and the effect of culture on shaping those roles. Finally, this dissertation helps build up an integrative paradigm of sport development toward expanding the field of sport participants. Culture is invisible but powerfully affects parenting. Sport parenting is a cultural product. Cultural differences are not easily bridged, though the key is in how we understand such differences. viii Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................ xii List of Figures ...................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Finding Differences in Parents' Roles for Children's Sport Participation among Korean, Korean Immigrant, and American Families ..........................9 Literature Review............................................................................................9 Socialization ...........................................................................................9 Sport Socialization ...............................................................................11 The Role of Parents ..............................................................................12 Interpreter ....................................................................................13 Provider .......................................................................................14 Model ..........................................................................................15 Immigrants' Parenting ..........................................................................16 Cultural Model ............................................................................17 Immigrant Parents' Acculturation ...............................................18 Korean Immigrants Parents..................................................................20 Korean Immigrants' Values ........................................................21 Korean Immigrants' Lifestyles ....................................................22 Method ..........................................................................................................23 Participants ...........................................................................................23 Data Collection ....................................................................................25 Measurement ........................................................................................26 Parents' Roles in Children's Sport ...............................................26 Parents' Values for Children's Education ....................................29 Measuring Values ............................................................29 Study Scenario .................................................................30 Translation ...........................................................................................33 Data Analysis .......................................................................................34