qr. 1. 2018 no. 4 ISSN 2543-9839 BERLIN, GERMANY, FEBRUARY 16, 2018. POLISH PRIME MINISTER MATEUSZ MORAWIECKI LAYS A WREATH AT THE MEMORIAL TO THE MURDERED JEWS OF EUROPE IN BERLIN. © Paweł Supernak (PAP) Editorial Dear Readers he culture of every nation, its content and expression, although experienced in the present, always arises on the foundation of the past. It creates a certain space, Tchronologically arranged since the nation was founded, and successive layers and elements usher in new ages. Its role is not just to integrate society and build community in a time of peace; cultivating its values determines and ensures the survival of the nation in difficult times. This was well understood by the Polish elites of the 18th and 19th centuries, when the Polish state, as a result of the partitions and division of its territory between Russia, Prussia and Austria, lost its independence for 123 years. The opening of the latest issue of The Warsaw Institute Review is devoted to this subject in an article by the Deputy Prime Minister of Poland and Minister of Culture and National Heritage Piotr Gliński and Paulina Florjanowicz, regarding Izabela Czartoryska’s conservation of museum collections in the Arkadia and Nieborów palaces. But the Polish national community is built not only by history, but also by sport – it is thus no accident that in this edition of WIR we present an article by the famous Polish cyclist Czesław Lang devoted to the Tour de Pologne. I want to direct your attention to the article by Tomasz Poręba, Member of the European Parliament, concerning the construction of the planned route connecting the north and south of Europe. It is a project that is not only an infrastructural challenge for the countries involved, but above all, opens up the prospect of building a new 1/2018 3 Editorial axis of economic relations – alongside those traditionally functioning on the east-west line. The Warsaw I also encourage you to read our eastern report. Institute Traditionally, we devote a lot of space to Russia and its influence on the most important countries in this part Review of Europe: this time on the infiltration of Estonia by the Russian intelligence services and corruption in Ukraine. © Copyright 2018 The Warsaw Institute We are also expanding our geographical scope to a further Foundation Warsaw, Poland extent, through articles on the dynamically developing Kazakhstan (often referred to by Polish historians as the “inhuman land” – the place of deportation for a large Editor-in-Chief Anna Karolina Piekarska number of Poles by the authorities of the USSR), [email protected] as well as Saudi Arabia and Iran. Associate editor and translations You are invited to read! Nicholas Siekierski Copy Editing and Proofreading Andrew Tuson Anna Karolina Piekarska Cover and Layout Editor-in-Chief The Warsaw Institute Review Katarzyna Dinwebel Jacek Kotela DTP and Printing www.sindruk.pl Publisher The Warsaw Institute Foundation Wilcza 9, 00-538 Warsaw, Poland www.WarsawInstitute.org [email protected] Public purpose co-financed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland in the competition “Cooperation in the Field of Public Diplomacy 2018”. Editorial office The Warsaw Institute Review Wilcza 9 00-538 Warsaw, Poland www.WarsawInstitute.Review Ministry The opinions given and the positions of Foreign Aff airs held in the materials published in the Republic of Poland Warsaw Institute Review solely reflect the views of the authors and cannot be equated with the official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Partner: of the Republic of Poland. ISSN 2543-9839 4 The Warsaw Institute Review CONteNTS ECONOMY12 EASTERN58 REPORT HISTORY89 Tomasz Poręba: Piotr Kościński Nicholas Siekierski: Via Carpathia Kazakhstan: An “Inhuman American Relief and – An Investment Land” Increasingly Human Poland’s Independence in the Future CULTURE Piotr Kościński Piotr Gliński, Paulina Kazakhstan: An “Inhuman Florjanowicz, 58 Land” Increasingly Human Heritage Strengthens Our 7 Identity Marcin Orłowski The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ECONOMY 66 and the Future of Jihadism Tomasz Poręba Via Carpathia - An Investment OPINIONS 12 in the Future Cezary Kaźmierczak The Polish Economy – EASTERN REPORT 75 Challenges and Outlook Grzegorz Kuczyński SPORT 20 “Peacemaker” Putin Czesław Lang The Race that Started Ksawery Czerniewicz 82 in Dreams Iran: Protest of the 29 Doubly Cheated HISTORY Nicholas Siekierski Aleksandra Romanowska American Relief Ukraine: Freedom in the 89 and Poland’s Independence 38 Shadow of Corruption Bogusław Kopka Grzegorz Kuczyński Paweł Kosiński 45 Estonian Spy Hunters 101 Poland: First to Fight 1/2018 5 Culture NIEBORÓW, POLAND. AN UNKNOWN POLISH PAINTER, PORTRAIT OF IZABELA FLEMING-CZARTORYSKA, LATE 18TH CENTURY, COLLECTIONS OF THE MUSEUM IN NIEBORÓW AND ARKADIA. © Irena Jarosińska (PAP) Heritage StreNgtheNS OUR IDENtitY Piotr Gliński phd, Paulina Florjanowicz In modern times, protecting cultural heritage has been a central component of almost any government’s policy. Heritage, which comprises the material evidence of a common past and shared experience, supports the building of a sense of community as well as self-confidence within society which is directly linked with strong social capital. he perception of heritage legal regulations accordingly. Today, it is as a crucial element for widely agreed worldwide that protecting a society’s development has national heritage is one of a state’s recently become fashionable indisputable obligations. Tin EU policies. For decades previously, heritage was mainly protected due to its However, in the case of Poland, such aesthetic and/or historic value. However protection has been difficult, particularly the whole idea of protecting heritage was because the state did not exist in the 19th actually developed in the late 18th and century, after it had been partitioned 19th centuries at a time when states were by its neighbors (Russia, Austria and developing rapidly towards how we know Prussia) in 1795. Poland remained divided them today. It was during this period that among the three states until it regained many European states decided to protect its independence after World War I in their heritage and develop policies and 1918. During the 123 years of partitions, 1/2018 7 Culture Vinci, Landscape with the Good Samaritan by Rembrandt, Polonia by Jan Matejko, as After Poland lost its well as prints by Albrecht Dürer. It consists of more than 86,000 museum objects such independence in 1795, as the memorabilia of Tadeusz Kościuszko to many Polish nobles, or Frédéric Chopin’s death mask, as well as over 250,000 library items including the need to protect books, old prints and manuscripts, as well national heritage seemed as priceless treasures of Polish national heritage like the Act of the Polish- to be the most effective -Lithuanian Union of Horodło (1413), the Act of Prussian Homage (1525) way of maintaining and 15th century manuscripts of the national identity. Chronicles by Jan Długosz. Throughout the last two centuries, Polish heritage was deliberately neglected the Czartoryska Collection has survived by the occupying authorities and unlike in some of the most turbulent times in other European states, the legal system for Poland’s history. The collection was heritage protection was unable to develop; hidden and evacuated several times. not to mention that Poland was under It was looted and taken as a trophy. It was the rule of three different jurisdictions. searched for and rescued. It was also cared Nevertheless, heritage protection remained for and exhibited, something of which a priority for the populous despite – or Polish society has always been possibly because of – Poland not having proud and identified themselves with. its own government. This does not mean Finally, as Poland prepares to celebrate though, that heritage was unprotected. On the centenary of regaining independence the contrary! National heritage remained in 2018, the Polish government has (or became!) a priority even (or especially!) purchased the collection from Prince when the government ceased to exist. Adam Karol Czartoryski and the Princess Czartoryska Foundation, along with all IZABela FleminG-CZartorysKA related real estate, as well as the right anD the Museum in PUławy to all claims on movable cultural goods After Poland lost its independence in included in the collection, which 1795, to many Polish nobles, the need to were lost during World War II. protect national heritage seemed to be the The efforts of the Polish government have most effective way of maintaining national gained widespread support, from both the identity. One of the most prominent Parliament, which passed an amendment examples of this effort is the Princess to the 2016 budget to allow the creation Czartoryska Collection of the early 1800s, of a special reserve fund for the purchase assembled by Princess Izabela Fleming- of cultural goods of significant importance, -Czartoryska, who created the first Polish and museum curators – members of the museum in Puławy. She explained the Council of Museum and Remembrance purpose of doing it thus: “as Poland ceased Sites advising the Minister of Culture and to exist (...) I began to collect Polish National Heritage, along with art history souvenirs for posterity”. and cultural heritage experts nationwide. The breathtaking Czartoryska Collection includes thousands of paintings by some of Why? the world’s most famous artists, including Naturally, the rationale behind protecting the Lady with an Ermine by Leonardo da cultural heritage is often questioned. Why 8 The Warsaw Institute Review Heritage Strengthens Our Identit © (PAP) Radek Pietruszka WARSAW, POLAND, OCTOBER 25, 2017. DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER, MINISTER of Culture and national Heritage Piotr gliński during a session OF THE PARLIAMENT COMMITTEE ON CULTURE AND MEDIA IN THE CHANCELLERY OF THE PRIME MINISTER OF POLAND. is it so important? For decades, heritage building. It does not require the decision- professionals have intensively focused on -making process to be shared by all how to protect cultural heritage, without stakeholders, but it does prioritize public giving much consideration to why.