Sustainable Energy for Children in Zimbabwe Situational Analysis of the Energy Status of Institutions that Support Children in Five Districts of Zimbabwe 2015 Suggested citation: © UNICEF, 2015 Sustainable Energy for Children in Zimbabwe Situational Analysis of the Energy Status of Institutions that Support Children in Five Districts of Zimbabwe Contact e-mail address UNICEF Zimbabwe 6 Fairbridge Avenue Belgravia Harare Zimbabwe Tel: +263 4 703941/2 Ext: 2130 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unicef.org/zimbabwe Design: Lucia Marisamhuka Printed by: UNICEF Zimbabwe Sustainable Energy for Children in Zimbabwe Situational Analysis of the Energy Status of Institutions that Support Children in Five Districts of Zimbabwe 2015 A Acknowledgements We dedicate this study to the late Lasten Mika The production of this report was made possible through the generous financial, technical and in-kind contributions of the following individuals and partners: Principal investigator and lead author of the Sustainable Energy for Children in Zimbabwe Report: Sara Feresu Survey coordinators: Collen Matema and Doreen Tirivanhu Energy survey supervisors: MufaroTamanikwa, Tafadzwa Mataruse, Patricia Nyabadza, Itai Gwelo, Liberty Dube and Fiona Mundoga Energy audit leader: The late Lasten Mika Energy audit technicians: Nelson Banda and Livingstone Mutizwa Energy survey data analysis: Collen Matema, Jacob Feresu and the late Lasten Mika. Administrative and technical support: Doreen Tirivanhu, Spiwe Chirinda, Chipo Nyandoro, Ellen Marufu, MufaroTamanikwa, Kingstone Mbonga and Benias Mandizvidza UNICEF Zimbabwe Social Policy and Research Section Engineer Mashamba, Chief Executive Officer, Rural Electrification Agency for technical support and energy framework The Provincial and District Education Officers of the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education The Provincial and District Health Officers of the Ministry of Health and Child Care District Administrators of the Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing Head teachers and teachers of primary and secondary education institutions Health Care workers at clinics included in the study The Ministry of Energy and Power Development, in particular the Department of Renewable Energy Last, but not least, sincere appreciation goes to all the school children, household heads, communities and business people who participated in the survey. i Sustainable Energy for Children in Zimbabwe Situational Analysis of the Energy Status of Institutions that Support Children in Five Districts of Zimbabwe T Table of Contents Acknowledgements . .1 List of Figures. .iv List of Tables.. .v List of Abbreviations . .vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . .1 1.1 Introduction to the Situational Analysis of the Energy Status of Institutions that Support Children in Five Districts of Zimbabwe . .1 1.2 Definitions of Energy . .1 1.3 Justification for the Situational Analysis of the Energy Status of Institutions that Support Children in Five Districts of Zimbabwe . .2 1.4 The Situational Analysis of the Energy Status of Institutions that Support Children in Five Districts of Zimbabwe . .4 CHAPTER 2: THE CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND TO AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY AND ITS GOVERNANCE IN ZIMBABWE . .8 2.1 Zimbabwe’s Energy Resource Base . .9 2.2 Energy Governance . .17 CHAPTER 3: PREVIOUS EFFORTS TO PROVIDE MODERN ENERGY TO RURAL AREAS OF ZIMBABWE AND LESSONS LEARNT FROM PAST INTERVENTIONS . .25 3.1 Public Sector Service Providers . .25 3.2 Non-Governmental Organizations . .28 3.3 The Private Sector . .36 3.4 Enablers to Adoption of Renewable Energy . .36 CHAPTER 4: STUDY SITES, METHODS AND DATA ANALYSIS . .38 4.1 Introduction . .39 4.2 Desk Study . .39 4.3 Study Sites . .39 4.4 Data Collection . .47 CHAPTER 5: HOUSEHOLDS AND CHILDREN ENERGY STATUS . .56 5.1 Introduction . .57 5.2 Sample Characteristics . .57 5.3 Results of the Assessment of the Energy Dimensions . .66 5.4 Barriers to Access to Cleaner Energy . .86 5.5 Solutions to the Energy Crisis . .93 5.6 Conclusions . .95 iii Sustainable Energy for Children in Zimbabwe Situational Analysis of the Energy Status of Institutions that Support Children in Five Districts of Zimbabwe Table of Contents CHAPTER 6: THE ENERGY STATUS OF INSTITUTIONS THAT SUPPORT CHILDREN . .98 6.1 Definitions Used for the Energy Audit . .99 6.2 Scope of Energy Audit . .100 6.3 Characteristics of Energy Use in Institutions . .100 CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES . .126 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 A typical energy ladder for cooking fuels . .5 Figure 1.2 The Multiple Energy Mix/Stack Model . .6 Figure 2.1 A summary of the existing and potential hydro-electricity sites . .12 Figure 2.2 Zimbabwe annual mean radiation (Global Extract) (MJ/m 2/day . .13 Figure 2.3 Zimbabwe’s annual diffuse radiation (global extract) (MJ/m 2/day) . .14 Figure 2.4 A map depicting Zimbabwe’s wind power situation . .17 Figure 2.5 The Institutional arrangements and mandates within the Ministry of Energy and Power Development . .20 Figure 3.1 Examples of improved mud stoves . .28 Figure 3.2 Examples of Jengetahuni stove . .29 Figure 3.3 Examples of tsotso stoves . .30 Figure 3.4 Three stone/open fire stove . .30 Figure 3.5 Mbare stove . .31 Figure 3.6 Chingwa stoves in Sedze, Nyanga . .33 Figure 4.1 Map of Zimbabwe showing districts sampled for the sustainable energy for children study . .40 Figure 4.2 Map of Chiredzi District showing selected wards and location of households sampled in the study . .41 Figure 4.3 Map of Gutu District showing selected wards and location of households sampled in the study . .42 Figure 4.4 Map of Hurungwe District showing selected wards and location of households sampled in the study . .43 Figure 4.5 Map of Nyanga District showing selected wards and location of households sampled in the study . .44 Figure 4.6 Map of Tsholotsho District showing selected wards and location of households sampled in the study . .46 Figure 5.1 Number of children per household . .58 Figure 5.2 Religious affiliation of household heads by district . .60 Figure 5.3 Household head education level . .61 Figure 5.4 Usual residence of household heads . .61 Figure 5.5 Monthly income categories (real) for the sample households . .64 Figure 5.6 Agricultural equipment ownership . .65 Figure 5.7a Main sources of energy for lighting (Adult household questionnaire) .67 Figure 5.7b Main energy sources of energy for lighting (children day scholars questionnaire) . .67 Figure 5.8 Energy mix for lighting . .72 Figure 5.9 Duration of light from clean energy sources . .75 iv Sustainable Energy for Children in Zimbabwe Situational Analysis of the Energy Status of Institutions that Support Children in Five Districts of Zimbabwe Table of Contents Figure 5.10 Time of day when children do their homework . .76 Figure 5.11 Types of stoves used for cooking by district . .79 Figure 5.12 Proportion of households with children in the kitchen when preparing meals . .79 Figure 5.13 Households with knowledge of biogas . .81 Figure 5.14 Energy source for communication and information . .85 Figure 5.15 Knowledge of clean energy sources and technologies . .86 Figure 5.16 Participation of energy organizations in surveyed districts . .89 Figure 5.17 Proportion of households who report that they were not consulted before intervention . .89 Figure 5.18 Perceived mean cost of clean energy sources . .90 Figure 5.19 Proposed energy business model . .97 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Energy dimensions, indicators, deprivations and sustainability . .6 Table 2.1 Hydro-electricity Potential Sites along the Zambezi River . .10 Table 2.2 Hydro potential for existing dams in Zimbabwe . .11 Table 2.3 The hydro potential for future dams . .11 Table 2.4 Hydro potential from run-off river schemes . .12 Table 2.5 Biomass resources currently used and potential future resources in Zimbabwe . .15 Table 2.6 Potential energy that can be harvested from the various Municipal sewage treatment works in Zimbabwe (m 3/day) . .15 Table 2.7 The potential energy that can.