file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM RACE RELATIONS SURVEY 1989/90 CAROLE COOPER COLLEEN McCAUL ROBIN HAMILTON ISABELLE DELVARE JOHN GARY MOONSAMY KRISTINE MUELLER Research staff South African Institute of Race Relations SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS JOHANNESBURG 1990 THE COVER Photograph by courtesy of Eskom. South Africa’s state-owned electricity supply commission, Eskom, is the fifth largest utility in the western world in terms of installed capacity. It operates more than two dozen power stations in South Africa—although the vast majority of South Africans have no electricity in their homes. Last year Eskom announced its commitment to ‘electricity for all’. This means bringing electricity to about 20m people, half in urban and half in rural areas, who do not have it. The process has already begun. Eskom hopes that by the end of the century the number of people file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM (1 of 1461)25/11/2004 16:06:29 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM without electricity will have been halved. Published by the South African Institute of Race Relations Auden House, 68 De Korte Street Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2001 South Africa Copyrights South African Institute of Race Relations 1990 ISSN 0258-7246 PD 16/90 ISBN 0-86982-378-7 PREFACE Perhaps a word of explanation is required about the use of roman numerals for the pages at the beginning of this Survey. The reason is that the first pages are written last. As each specialised chapter is written it must be paginated as soon as possible so that compilation of the index can begin and also so that it can be sent off to the printers. Only after this has happened is the ‘Overview’ compiled. This first section includes not only a bird’s-eye-view of the period surveyed, but also as much of the most recent information as possible. If the Survey were to be priced at what it costs to produce, a great many people who have come to rely on it would not be able to afford it. We therefore rely heavily on subsidies and this year, once again, a number of companies, trusts and other organisations, and individuals have made generous grants. All these are gratefully recorded on the acknowledgements page, which appears after this one. The acknowledgements page traditionally thanks, on behalf of the writers, all the many people without whom this Survey would never appear. The writers, of course, can hardly thank themselves so I should like to say a special word of thanks to them. Each year I am amazed at both the breadth and the depth of the information they gather together and each year they seem to get better at doing it. This is the seventh Survey that has been produced since I have been running the Institute and therefore acted as editor-in-chief. The number of people who have pointed out errors averages fewer than one a year. Considering the sheer bulk of this volume, the vast array of information that has to be gathered in, organised and written up—not to mention the speed with which this has to he done—makes this u remarkable track record. I should like to salute Carole Cooper, who acts as editor, Colleen McCaul, who manages the research team, and all our research officers listed with them on the title page, for yet another outstanding achievement. file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM (2 of 1461)25/11/2004 16:06:29 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM JOHN KANE-BERMAN Executive Director South African Institute of Race Relations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writers of this Survey wish to thank all those who assisted in producing this volume. The contributions by Dr Muriel Horrell (Religious Organisations) and Pierre Brouard (Security) are greatly appreciated. The writers are also indebted to all those who provided information, among them various organisations, members of Parliament, government officials, companies, trade unions and academics. The Institute’s chief librarian, Mrs Ellen Potter and the junior librarian, Ms Meryl Bertram, assisted by Ms Mildred Francis, Mrs Eunice Halo, Mrs Clara Masoga, Mrs Sarah Mohale, Ms Prisca Nkungu and Mr Alfred Nkungu, obtained much of the material and provided the press clipping service essential for the compilation of the Survey. The writers also wish to thank the Institute’s production manager, Mrs Lindsey Morton, for her work in style editing, overseeing design and production, and proof-reading. Thanks go to Mrs Connie Matthews, Ms Sarah Zwane and Mrs Dawn Weyers for typing parts of the manuscript and for typesetting the Survey. Our appreciation also goes to Mrs Naomi Musiker for her invaluable index. We further wish to thank the Deputy Director of the Institute, Mr Theo Coggin, for his contribution in dealing with the printers. The Institute warmly thanks all those who contributed to the production costs of the Survey. They are: Church of Sweden Mission The Stella and Paul Loewenstein Charitable and Education Trusts Kenneth Birch Esq Unilever South Africa (Pty) Ltd Otis Elevator Company Limited Elektrode Maatskappy van Suid- file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM (3 of 1461)25/11/2004 16:06:29 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM Afrika (Edms) Bpk (Ernsa) The Ruth and Anita Wise Charitable and Educational Trust Vametco Minerals Corporation Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, Religious Society of Friends The Mahlaela Trust Donaldson Trust South African Sugar Association Kellogg Company Beckman Instruments (Pty) Ltd Estate Late Isobel Gandar Estate Late Jeannette Davidoff Argus Holdings Limited CONTENTS OVERVIEW TABLE OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC COMPARISONS SOCIAL SEGREGATION POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM (4 of 1461)25/11/2004 16:06:29 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM TRANSPORT HOUSING SECURITY POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS THE ECONOMY RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS WELFARE LABOUR RELATIONS HEALTH THE HOMELANDS GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS EDUCATION DETAILED CONTENTS OVERVIEW TABLE OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC COMPARISONS SOCIAL SEGREGATION Policy file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM (5 of 1461)25/11/2004 16:06:29 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM Facilities Attitudes to Shared Facilities Hotels and Restaurants Holiday Resorts The Workplace Beaches Eastern Cape Natal Southern Cape Western Cape Municipal Facilities Cape Province Natal Orange Free State Transvaal Sport International Isolation Attempts to Counter Isolation of South African Sport ‘Rebel’ cricket tour Developments in South Africa file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM (6 of 1461)25/11/2004 16:06:29 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM Segregation of Sports Facilities Provision of Facilities Sports Orgairisations National Sports Congress South African Council on Sport South African White Sports Foundation POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT Population and Race Classification Population Growth Race Classification Reclassifications Policy Citizenship Deportations ‘Repatriation’ Refugees Immigration and Emigration Urbanisation Statistics Natal Western Cape file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM (7 of 1461)25/11/2004 16:06:29 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM Policy Comment Private Initiatives Informal Settlers Statistics Policy Major Developments Action Planned or Taken Against Informal Settlers Removals African Removals Statistics Policy Major Developments Cape Province Natal Transvaal The Group Areas Act Policy Administration Comment file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM (8 of 1461)25/11/2004 16:06:29 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM Complaints and Prosecutions Incidents Involving Blacks in ’white’ Group Areas Free Settlement Areas TRANSPORT Policy and Legislation Regional Services Councils and the New Passenger Transport Policy Commercialisation of South Âfrican Transport Services National Black Panel Finance Bus Passenger Transport Rail Passenger Transport Toll Roads Utilisation and Provision Mass Transport Statistical Overview Developments in Particular Areas: Curtailment and Termination of Services Fare Increases, Boycotts and Disturbances Private Transport: Kombitaxis Accidents Taxi Feuds file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM (9 of 1461)25/11/2004 16:06:29 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201989-90.HTM