Reading for Philosophical Inquiry A Brief Introduction to Philosophical Thinking ver. 0.21 An Open Source Reader Lee Archie John G. Archie Reading for Philosophical Inquiry: A Brief Introduction to Philo- sophical Thinking ver. 0.21; An Open Source Reader by Lee Archie by John G. Archie Version 0.21 Edition Published January, 2004 Copyright © 2004 by Lee Archie; John G. Archie Comments—The current version of this open source textbook in philosophy is a work-in-progress and is being released only in draft form. The collaborators would be grateful for corrections or other suggestions to this preliminary draft. Please address comments to [email protected] . GNU Free Documentation License—© Lee Archie and John G. Archie. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is available at the GNU Free Documentation License (http://gnu.org/copyleft) Website. Image Credits—The following images are either in the public domain or are open-sourced for this publication. Antiquities Project (http://www.ironorchid.com/antiquity/). Aristotle; John Stuart Mill. Hélène Brown (http://philosophy.lander.edu/brown/). Camus’s Graveside, Lourmarin Cemetery. Balestrini, Bruno. The Erechtheion and Parthenon, (420-440 B.C.), Acropolis; Acropolis (about 500 B.C.) view from northwest. www.thais.it (http://www.thais.it). By kind permission. British National Space Centre (http://www.bnsc.gov.uk/).Solar System. BNSC © HMG. Goodrich, S. G. A History of All Nations, (New York: J. C. Derby & N. C. Miller, 1854). A Greek Galley. 710 Guillemin, Amédée. The Heavens: An Illustrated Handbook of Popular Astronomy, Ed. by J. Norman Lockyer, New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1871. Plate IV: The Earth as Viewed from Space. Hopkins, George M., Experimental Science. New York: Munn & Co.,1902. Detail of Mount of Newton’s Rings for the Microscope. IIHR, University of Iowa—photographic detail from Pascal’s Traitez de l’Equilibre des Liqueurs et de la Pesanteur de la Masse de l’Air. IIHR—Hydroscience and Engineering: History of Hydraulics Collection (http://www.iihr.uiowa.edu/products/history/hoh/). India Post. Bertrand Russell, stamp commemorating 100 years birth-anniversary. Oct. 16, 1972 Library of Congress: P&P Online Catalog (http://lcweb2.loc.gov). 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(LC-USZ62-97168); Merton and Christ’s Church College, Oxford, England (detail) (LC-DIG-ppmsc-08766; The Boat Landing, Lake Chautauqua, New York (Lot 12006); Switchtender on Pennsylvania Railroad (LC-USW33-025829-C); Three Peasants Walking to Market, Hungary (LC-USZ62-113783); Steelworker with Daughter, Ambridge, Pennsylvania (LC-USF34-062196-D); Harvard Gate, Harvard College (Lot 12003); Harvard Medical College, Boston, Mass. (LC-D4-34452); Library at Greenhills School, Greenhills, Ohio (LC _USF33-T01-OO1183-M3); Scene from "Othello" with Paul Robeson and Margaret Webster (LC-USW33- 054945-C) College of the City of New York (LC-D4-500724). Library of Congress Rare Book & Special Collections Division (http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/). Isaac Newton, Philosophiciae naturalis principia mathematica, London: Royal Society, 3rd. ed., 1726 (123.1). Metropolitan Museum of Art (http://www.metmuseum.org). The Death of Socrates (1787), Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748-1825) Catherine Lorillard Wolfe Collection; Wolf Fund, 1931 (31.45). NASA—Jet Propulsion Laboratory (http://www.jpl.nasa.gov). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)— California Institute of Technology Messier 81, Spitzer Space Telescope, JPL (SSC2003-06c); Gravity Wave Measurements over North America, JPL; Earth from Space, JPL (PIA-00232); Mosaic of Saturn’s Rings, JPL (P-23953C); Jupiter’s Great Red Spot and Surrounds, JPL (P-21151). National Institutes of Health (http://www.nih.gov) U. S. National Library of Medicine. [“Pragmatic Theory of Truth”] William James [15230]; Harvard Medical School (detail), Ernest David Roth [A02092]. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/index.html). Tabulae Rudolphinae: quibus astronomicae. by Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630 (Treasures Collection libr0312); Louis Agassiz (People Collection theb 3381); Chatham Strait (Corps Collection, John Bortnaik, corp1901); Hæmulon elegans, Drawing by H. L. Todd (NMFS Collection, Plate 145), [Island] (Corps Collection, John Bortnaik, corp2743); Wheel Barometer, from Edward J. Dent, A Treatise on the Aneroid (Library Collection); Title Page to Edward Saul’s A Historical and Philosophical Account of the Barometer1735, (Library Collection); Building the John N. Cobb (Ship Collection, ship0049). National Park Service (http://www.nps.gov) Clock Mechanism (detail), Jamie L. Clapper and Laura E. Schmidt, Livingston County Courthouse, Amaudville, Illinois [4112bxl.gif]. Fridtjof Nansen, Farthest North, Harper & Row, 1897. Engraving of Nansen, frontspiece; (detail) photograph of Fram, Nansen’s ship. Smith, William. A History of Greece. Boston: Hickling, Swan, and Brown, 1855. The Bema of the Pnyx at Athens, xxv; Homer Enshrined, 38; Coin of Athens, 107; The Propylæa of the Acropolis Restored, 255; Centaur from the Metopes of the Parthenon, 301; Erechtheum¯ Restored, from Southwest, 356; Side View of Theseum¯ , 593. State Museum of Victoria. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematics, title page, pages 354-355. State Treyakov Gallery—detail from Portrait of Dostoevsky by Vasily Perov. State Tretyakov Gallery (http:www.treyakov.ru) Russian National Art Gallery. Thoemmes Press: History of Ideas (http://www.thoemmes.com/gallery/). Socrates, Plato, Thomas Aquinas (detail), William Paley, David Hume, Blaise Pascal, Baruch Spinoza, William James, Relief of Plato, The Parthenon/, Aristotle, Jeremy Bentham, Friedrich Nietzsche, René Descartes, Immanuel Kant. Centre for Social Philosophy (http://www.unipv.it/deontica/gallering.htm). University of Pavia Galleries. Jean-Paul Sartre. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/). University of St. Andrews. Plato. Portraits of Well-known Economists (http://www.econ.duke.edu/Economists/). The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University. Jeremy Bentham; August Comte. Non-U.S. Copyright Status—Status of text and images in this publication. All essays and images in this work are believed to be in the public domain or are published here under the fair use provision of the U.S. copyright law. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with anyone desiring to reuse the item under the GFDL. The written permission of the copyright owners and/or other rights holders (such as publicity and/or privacy rights) is required for distribution, reproduction, or other use of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions. An independent legal assessment has been made after a search for copyright status of text and images. 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