Abbreviations By E. M. Forster: AH Abinger Harvest (1936) CB Commonplace Book (1985) Diary 'Locked Diary' (King's College, Cambridge) Forster P. N. Furbank, E. M. Forster: A Life (1977-8) HD The Hill of Devi (Abinger Edition, 1983) HE Howards End Letters Selected Letters of E. M. Forster (1983, 1985) LC The Life to Come and other stories (Abinger Edition, 1972) LJ The Longest Journey (Abinger Edition, 1984) MT Marianne Thornton: A Domestic Biography (1956) PI A Passage to India (Abinger Edition, 1978) RWV A Room with a View (Abinger Edition, 1977) TCD Two Cheers for Democracy (Abinger Edition, 1972) WAFT Where Angels Fear to Tread (Abinger Edition, 1975) Other: CP Crewe Papers (University Library, Cambridge University) HP Hardinge Papers (University Library, Cambridge University) WMCJ Working Men's College Journal (London) 140 Notes PREFACE 1. New Age, 7 (12 May 1910), 26. 2. As used here, Anglo-Indian applies to a novel about India by an English writer, or to English living in India during the period of the Raj: not the present term for persons of English-Indian descent. 3. Quoted in P. N. Furbank, E. M. Forster: A Life, 2 vols. (London: Seeker & Warburg; New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977-8), II, 64. 1. E. M. FORSTER: SELF AND NEIGHBOURS 1. Editor's note, 'The Challenge', Listener, 35 (1946), 264. 2. EMF, 'The Claims of Art', in series, 'The World We Want', ibid., 30 (1943), 742-3. 3. Arthur Koestler, 'The Challenge of Our Time', ibid., pp. 355-{;. The other speakers were Sir E. L. Woodward (1890-1971), historian, 'Has All This Happened Before?' ibid., pp. 387-8; J.D. Bernal (1901-71), physicist, 'The Social Responsibility of Science', pp. 419-20; EMF, 'The Challenge of Our Time: The View of the Creative Artist', pp. 451-2; Benjamin Farrington (1891-1974), classicist, 'What Light from the Ancient World?' pp. 499-500; Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), physi­ cal chemist, 'Can Science Bring Peace?' pp. 531-2; J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), geneticist, 'The Challenge of Our Time: the View of the Biologist', p. 563; V. A. Demant (1893-1983), theologian, 'The Fairy Ring of Civilisation', pp. 599--600; C. H. Waddington (1905-75), ge­ neticist, 'Science and the Humanities', pp. 631-2; A. D. Ritchie (1891- 1967), philosopher, 'The Challenge of Our Time', pp. 667-8. 4. EMF, 'The Challenge of Our Time', reprinted, Two Cheers for Demo­ cracy, Abinger Edition, ed. Oliver Stallybrass (London: Edward Arnold, 1972), pp. 54-8. On Rooksnest, see Margaret Ashby, Forster Country (Stevenage, Herts.: Flounden Press, 1991). 5. EMF, 'The Ivory Tower', London Mercury, 39 (1938), 119-30. 6. Information from P. N. Furbank. 7. Eric Crozier, transcript of privately taped discussion, 'Talking about Morgan', 5 July 1971. Eric Crozier was Play Producer for BBC Televi­ sion, 1936-9 and produced operas at Sadler's Wells, among them Britten's Peter Grimes. He was Britten's producer and librettist, 1945- 51; co-founder of the English Opera Group, 1947, and of the Aldeburgh Festival, 1948. Robert Joseph Buckingham (1904-75) joined the Met­ ropolitan Police in the mid-1920s. Forster met him in 1930. In 1932 Robert married May Hockey; their son, Robert Morgan, was Forster's godson. 141 142 Notes to Chapter 2 8. EMF to Robert Buckingham, 3 August 1948. Edwin Keppel ('Francis') Bennett (1887-1958), after the study at the Working Men's College in London, went to Conville and Caius College, Cambridge, on a schol­ arship from G. M. Trevelyan. He became a Tutor in 1926 and Senior Tutor, 1931-52. He was President of the College, 1948-56, and known for his work in German studies. 9. EMF, 'Notes on the English Character', Abinger Harvest (London: Edward Arnold, 1936), pp. 3-15. 10. F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: A Social History of Victorian Britain 1830-1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 197. 2. THE SUBURBAN NOVELS 1. EMF, 'Rooksnest', Appendix to Howards End, Abinger Edition, ed. Oliver Stallybrass (London: Edward Arnold, 1973), pp. 341-51. 2. EMF, Marianne Thornton: A Domestic Biography (London: Edward Arnold; New York: Harcourt Brace, 1956), p. 35. See Forster pp. 3-9. Edward Morgan Llewellyn Forster (1847-80) met Alice Clara ('Lily') Whichelo (1855-1945) when the Thorntons took an interest in her after her father died. Lily and Edward Forster married in 1877. 3. Noel Annan, 'The Intellectual Aristocracy', in Studies in Social His­ tory: A Tribute to G. M. Trevelyan, ed. J. H. Plumb (London: Longmans, Green, 1955), pp. 244-85. Seep. 250: 'They valued independence and recognized it in others. Because they judged people by an exterior standard of moral and intellectual merit, they never became an ex­ clusive clique and welcomed the penniless son of a dissenting min­ ister as a son-in-law if they believed in his integrity and ability.' 4. MT, p. 59. 5. Ashby, Forster Country, p. 53. 6. Quoted in Forster, I, 15. 7. MT, p. 113. 8. On EMF and money, see his correspondence with Hilton Young, Lord Kennet, in EMF, Selected Letters, ed. Mary Lago and P. N. Furbank. 2 vols. (London: Collins; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uni­ versity Press, 1983, 1985), II, 171-4; Mary Lago, 'E. M. Forster: Clap­ ham's Child,' Biography, 17 (1991), 117-37. 9. MT, p. 113. The bank became Williams and Glyn's and kept the old address, 20 Birchin Lane, London EC3. 10. EMF, Notebook Journal, 3 August 1898. 11. EMF, 'Rooksnest', HE, p. 350. King's College keeps the mantelpiece. 12. EMF, 'Author's Introduction to The Longest Journey, Abinger Edition, ed. Elizabeth Heine (London, Edward Arnold, 1984), p. lxvi. 13. EMF, Commonplace Book, ed. Philip Gardner (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1985), p. 198. First published in facsimile edition by Scolar Press (London, 1978), with Introduction by P. N. Furbank, pp. ix-xiv. 'First book': The Aeneid of Virgil, trans. E. Fairfax Taylor. Notes to Chapter 2 143 Introduction and Notes by E. M. Forster, B.A. Temple Greek and Latin Classics, Vol. 1 (London: J. M. Dent, 1906). 14. Forster, I, 49, 52. 15. Ibid., p. 50. 16. EMF to G. L. Dickinson, (postmark) 11 May 1902. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (1862-1932) went to King's College, Cambridge, in 1882. He intended a career in medicine but turned to modem history and became known as an advocate of the League of Nations. 17. Piers Brendon, Thomas Cook: 150 Years of Popular Tourism (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1991), p. 85. 18. Quoted in ibid., p. 6. See Newman, 'Knowledge Viewed in Relation to Learning', The Idea of a University, Discourse VI, Part 5. 19. George Macaulay Trevelyan, The Recreations of a Historian (London: Thomas Nelson, 1919), pp. 139, 142, 146. Trevelyan's 'Muggleton' is not Lodowicke Muggleton (1609-98), the puritan heresiarch, who never left England. However, the fictional Muggleton shares Lodowicke Muggleton's determination to step aside from prescribed paths and find inspiration in his own way. 20. MT, p. 93. 21. EMF, Italian Diary, 6 October 1901. 22. Ibid., 10 October 1901. 23. Ibid., 11 October 1901. 24. Ibid., 10 October 1901. 25. Daniel Defoe, A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain, abridged and edited by P. N. Furbank, W. R. Owen, and A.]. Coulson (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1991), p. 53. 26. Quoted on title page, Richard Cobb, Still Life: Sketches from a Tunbridge Wells Childhood (London: Chatto & Windus/Hogarth Press, 1983). 27. EMF, Diary, 19 July 1912. 28. EMF, 'Notes on the English Character', AH, p. 3. 29. See David Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 55: 'One­ quarter of the land of England and Wales was owned by 710 indi­ viduals, and nearly three-quarters of the British Isles was in the hands of less than five thousand people [in 1861]. Even more remark­ ably, it emerged that twelve men between them possessed more than four million acres, and that 421 owned nearly twenty-three million acres.' 30. The Victoria History of the Counties of England: Surrey, ed. H. E. Malden, 4 vols. (London: Constable, 1902-11), III, 476. 31. Letters, I, 61, note 2. 32. The Victoria History: ... Surrey, I, 486. 33. Forster, I, 133. 34. EMF to Alice Clara Forster, 8 February 1901. 35. ].F.C. Harrison, A History of the Working Men's College 1854--1954 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954), p. 20. 36. The Life of Frederick Denison Maurice, chiefly told in his own letters, ed. Frederick Maurice, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1884; Famborough: Gregg International, 1969), II, 176. On F. D. Maurice's educational 144 Notes to Chapter 2 philosophy, see his Learning and Working, ed. W. E. Styles (London: Oxford University Press for Hull University Press, 1968). 37. 'Moral imagination': see Gertrude Hirnrnelfarb, Poverty and Compas­ sion: The Moral Imagination of the Late Victorians (New York: Knopf, 1991), pp. 4--5: 'In fact, the moral imagination of the late Victorians, in public affairs as in private, was neither sentimental nor utopian. It was every bit as stern as the old religion -perhaps because it was a displacement of the old .... Compassion had its reasons of mind as well as of the heart. A sharp, skeptical intelligence was required to ensure the proper exercise of that sentiment.' 38. CB, p. 302. 39. See Mary Moorman, George Macaulay Trevelyan: A Memoir (London: Harnish Hamilton, 1980), p. 72: Trevelyan 'also advised men who had recently left Oxford or Cambridge to join in concerts and debates there "before the doors of their profession close for ever between them and all chance of experience and change of idea."' Trevelyan (1876-1962) was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge.