Företagsekonomiska institutionen Department of Business Studies Creating value from science Interaction between academia, business and healthcare in the Uppsala PET Centre case Anna Launberg Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Hörsal 2, Ekonomikum, Kyrkogårdsgatan 10, Uppsala, Wednesday, 14 June 2017 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Faculty examiner: Professor Frans Prenkert (Örebro universitet). Abstract Launberg, A. 2017. Creating value from science. Interaction between academia, business and healthcare in the Uppsala PET Centre case. Doctoral thesis / Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet 187. 274 pp. Uppsala: Företagsekonomiska institutionen. ISBN 978-91-506-2640-7. Recent decades have seen greater focus, both national and global, on universities’ role in boosting economic growth. Besides teaching and conducting research, universities are urged to contribute directly to the economy by commercialising research findings and interacting with industry. This thesis explores the dynamics and effects of such interplay by concentrating on a particular case of interaction involving Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital and a large multinational corporation. More specifically, the aim of the study was to investigate how use of science and value creation from science are affected when actors belonging to disparate spheres interact closely. The thesis recounts the evolution of the Uppsala PET Centre, established as a University research institute in 1989, which has served both as a site for pre- clinical and clinical research and as an important resource in routine clinical work. The whole Centre was commercialised when a large firm acquired it in 2002, only to be decommercialised and returned to the University and the University Hospital less than a decade later. Using a network perspective, this thesis analyses the journey of the Uppsala PET Centre by studying interfaces between physical and organisational resources. The basic argument is that to understand the effects of inter-sphere interaction on science use, one must consider the materiality of science and differences between the interacting actor spheres in terms of preferences, norms and goals – ‘schemes of valuation’ in the present work. The study shows that the materiality of science has a restrictive impact on flexibility of science use, and different actors’ simultaneous use of science is therefore severely constrained. Because of these constraints, the actor spheres involved struggle to control physical scientific resources in ways aligned with their particular schemes of valuation. Sharing, turn-taking and efforts to separate overlapping use contexts become the means of managing the restricted scope for science use. Further, this thesis demonstrates that while interfaces containing physical resources are controllable and always result in some kind of value (albeit not necessarily on the scale expected), the outcomes of combinations of organisational resources connected with disparate schemes of valuation are impossible to anticipate and control. The thesis concludes that there are reasons to rethink our expectations of the short- term economic and social effects of university–industry interaction, a complicated affair that encompasses opportunities and unforeseeable challenges alike. Keywords: interaction, commercialisation, science, science use, value, academia, business, healthcare Anna Launberg, Department of Business Studies, Box 513, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden. © Anna Launberg 2017 ISSN 1103-8454 ISBN 978-91-506-2640-7 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320795 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320795) Acknowledgements Over the past few weeks, the realisation that I am now at the very end of my doctoral research journey has finally begun to sink in. This is actually happening, and I am beyond satisfied to be finishing a project to which I have devoted so much effort. Yet, this thesis is not the fruit only of my own work of gathering data, analysing and writing. It would truly never have been written without those who were kind enough to help and encourage me along the way. Getting the chance now to thank you all properly in print, in the very book your support has enabled me to write, therefore makes me happy. Enrico Baraldi, your importance to the evolution of my thesis, my development as a PhD student and my journey in academia cannot be overstated. I have felt so privileged to have you as my advisor: your belief in me and my work has given me courage and inspired me to explore, dig deep and always be curious. I am grateful for your openness to my questions and ideas, and your readiness to discuss them extensively by email. Please know that I have always greatly appreciated the ample time you have invariably spent on responding. In addition, your way of carefully reading and giving perceptive, detailed comments on my texts is nothing short of amazing and, I know, something very few doctoral students are fortunate enough to experience. My heartfelt thanks to you. Linda Wedlin, towards the end of my research project I had the great luck of getting you as my second advisor. You joined my committee at just the right time, and you have had a crucial impact on my thesis. Your perspective has been exceptionally fresh and enriching, and your skills as a reader have been of immense value. With rare intuition and a precision that is almost uncanny you have constantly managed to pinpoint aspects and portions of my texts that I was unclear or doubtful about. In so doing, you enabled me to make the choices I knew, deep down, were necessary, and for that I am grateful. Alexandra Waluszewski, it was you who invited me into the Uppsala STS family. With the same enthusiasm, support and warmth with which you encouraged me to apply to the doctoral programme, you also read my texts, listened to me and discussed my findings. The active part you took in my efforts during the early stages of my research process was extremely valuable to me. Not only did your feedback and ideas give me direction and inspiration, but you made me feel at home. Håkan Håkansson, I much appreciate your thorough reading of my manuscript and your wise reflections at my final seminar. What you will think of this final version of my thesis I do not know, but your comments were instrumental in shaping it. You may not be aware of this, but more than anything you gave me the courage to follow my intuition. Sincere thanks are due to those of you who agreed to let me interview you. Clearly, without you I would have been unable to investigate the specific issues that intrigued me. Special thanks go to Gunnar Antoni – if I could award you a medal for your patience, believe me, I would. You have my gratitude not only for answering my questions about organisational change and use of machines, but also for being such an excellent teacher of PET science: what I now know about radionuclides and positron emission I learned with your help. And needless to say, I truly value the time you took to ensure that what I wrote about PET molecules was correct. Malena, Sofia and Åse, you made me feel welcome and answered all my random questions. Malena, you have been so generous with your insights and advice, on everything from teaching and the intricacies of academia to the whole research process and the knack of surviving as a PhD student. Sofia and Åse, you made me feel that I, an engineer from Stockholm, had a home base at Uppsala University. In addition, all three of you have such a great sense of humour – what more could I have asked for? Emilia, you have been a steady cheerleader, as well as a source of handy tips and information. Our talks and prolific text messaging made me feel less isolated in the lonely work of writing a PhD thesis. Thank you too, those of you at the Departments of Business Studies and of Industrial Engineering and Management who gave me input at seminars. Your feedback helped me move forward. I am also very grateful to Handelsbanken, which largely funded my doctoral studies, including my stay as Visiting Fellow at Harvard University. In addition, I want to thank the Johan and Jakob Söderberg Foundation and the Helge Ax:son Johnson Foundation for providing me with the extra funds I needed to finish the thesis. And thank you, naturally, all my friends – none mentioned, but none forgotten – for being who you are. I consider myself very lucky. Mamma and Pappa: your love and support have always been shown, not least, in great kindness. Over the past few months you have been my heroes: you have helped out in the mundane details of my everyday existence. With my calendar full of deadlines you have been lifesavers, cooking meals for a rambunctious toddler and generally being very hands-on grandparents. You made life so much easier. Daniel: you are a never-ending source of strength, support, love and joy. I am grateful to you for your patience, your carefree take on life (how do you do it?), your sound perspective on my line of work, and, more than anything, your wonderful sense of humour. I cannot imagine a better person to be with. (Your PowerPoint wizardry must be added: I greatly benefited from your flow-chart skills at the very end.) Lastly, a few words to Noah. Not long ago I learned that there is no better way for a working day to end than to be met by bright eyes, soft cheeks, a million happy kisses and a genuine indifference to my research. For that, and for much else, I thank you. Stockholm, April 2017 Anna Launberg Abbreviations and concepts PET: positron emission tomography Radionuclide: an atom with excess nuclear energy, which means it is unstable and undergoes radioactive decay.