000 btl 116 BENJAMINS The Michaela In the years between 1848 and 1918, the Habsburg Empire was an intensely ■ pluricultural space that brought together numerous “nationalities” under constantly changing – and contested – linguistic regimes. The multifaceted Habsburg forms of translation and interpreting, marked by national struggles and TRANSLATION extensive multilingualism, played a crucial role in constructing cultures The Habsburg within the Habsburg space. This book traces translation and interpreting Wolf practices in the Empire’s administration, courts and diplomatic service, and takes account of the “habitualized” translation carried out in everyday Monarchy’s life. It then details the flows of translation among the Habsburg crownlands and between these and other European languages, with a special focus on Monarchy’s Many-Languaged Soul Italian–German exchange. Applying a broad concept of “cultural translation” and working with sociological tools, the book addresses the mechanisms by which translation and interpreting constructs cultures, and delineates Translating and interpreting, a model of the Habsburg Monarchy’s “pluricultural space of communication” that is also applicable to other multilingual settings. 1848–1918 Many-Languaged Michaela Wolf Translated by Kate Sturge isbn 978 90 272 5856 4 Soul ■ John Benjamins Publishing Company LIBRARY btl.116.cover.hb.indd 1 24/04/2015 10:39:48 The Habsburg Monarchy’s Many-Languaged Soul Benjamins Translation Library (BTL) issn 0929-7316 The Benjamins Translation Library (BTL) aims to stimulate research and training in Translation & Interpreting Studies – taken very broadly to encompass the many different forms and manifestations of translational phenomena, among them cultural translation, localization, adaptation, literary translation, specialized translation, audiovisual translation, audio-description, transcreation, transediting, conference interpreting, and interpreting in community settings in the spoken and signed modalities. For an overview of all books published in this series, please see www.benjamins.com/catalog/btl EST Subseries The European Society for Translation Studies (EST) Subseries is a publication channel within the Library to optimize EST’s function as a forum for the translation and interpreting research community. It promotes new trends in research, gives more visibility to young scholars’ work, publicizes new research methods, makes available documents from EST, and reissues classical works in translation studies which do not exist in English or which are now out of print. General Editor Associate Editor Honorary Editor Yves Gambier Franz Pöchhacker Gideon Toury University of Turku University of Vienna Tel Aviv University Advisory Board Rosemary Arrojo Zuzana Jettmarová Şehnaz Tahir Gürçaglar Binghamton University Charles University of Prague Bogaziçi University Michael Cronin Alet Kruger Maria Tymoczko Dublin City University UNISA, South Africa University of Massachusetts Dirk Delabastita John Milton Amherst FUNDP (University of Namur) University of São Paulo Lawrence Venuti Daniel Gile Anthony Pym Temple University Université Paris 3 - Sorbonne Universitat Rovira i Virgili Michaela Wolf Nouvelle Rosa Rabadán University of Graz Amparo Hurtado Albir University of León Universitat Autònoma de Sherry Simon Barcelona Concordia University Volume 116 The Habsburg Monarchy’s Many-Languaged Soul. Translating and interpreting, 1848–1918 by Michaela Wolf The Habsburg Monarchy’s Many-Languaged Soul Translating and interpreting, 1848–1918 Michaela Wolf University of Graz Translated by Kate Sturge Aston University John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Published with the support of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) doi 10.1075/btl.116 Cataloging-in-Publication Data available from Library of Congress: lccn 2015002602 (print) / 2015004052 (e-book) isbn 978 90 272 5856 4 (Hb) isbn 978 90 272 6868 6 (e-book) Autorisierte. Übersetzung nach der deutschen Originalausgabe: Die vielsprachige Seele Kakaniens Übersetzen und Dolmetschen in der Habsburgermonarchie 1848 bis 1918 © 2012 – Böhlau Verlag Ges.m.b.H. & Co KG Wien Köhln Weimar. All rights reserved. © 2015 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents List of figures ix List of tables xi Introduction xiii chapter 1 Locating translation sociologically 1 1. Scholarship and society in the context of translation 1 2. Translation studies – “going social”? 3 chapter 2 Kakania goes postcolonial 5 1. Locating “Habsburg culture” 5 2. The “cultural turn” and its consequences 12 3. Translation as a contribution to the construction of cultures 16 4. The concept of “cultural translation” 19 5. A tentative typology of translations 26 Polycultural communication and polycultural translation 26 Transcultural translation 29 chapter 3 The Habsburg Babylon 33 1. The multiculturalism debate, Kakania style 33 2. Does the state count heads or tongues? 37 3. Language policy promoting ethnic rapprochement 41 4. The polylingual book market 43 chapter 4 Translation practices in the Habsburg Monarchy’s “great laboratory” 49 1. Polycultural communication 49 Habitualized translation 51 Institutionalized translation 57 vi The Habsburg Monarchy’s Many-Languaged Soul 2. Polycultural translation 66 Contact between government offices and the public 67 Interpreting and translating in court 72 Translating legislative texts 82 Translation in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of War 96 3. The training of dragomans 104 4. The contribution of translation practices to the construction of cultures 110 chapter 5 Theoretical sketch of a Habsburg translational space 115 chapter 6 “Promptly, any time of day”: The private translation sector 121 1. Commercial translation and its institutionalization 121 2. Battling for positions in the commercial translation sector 126 chapter 7 “Profiting the life of the mind”: Translation policy in the Habsburg Monarchy 133 1. Factors regulating translation policy 134 Censorship 134 Copyright 136 Bookseller licensing 137 2. State promotion of culture and literature 138 3. Literary prizes 140 chapter 8 The Habsburg “translating factory”: Translation statistics 147 1. The bibliographical data 150 Polycultural translation 150 Transcultural translation 153 2. Analyses 155 3. Translation between addiction and withdrawal 164 chapter 9 The mediatory space of Italian–German translations 169 1. Austrian–Italian perceptions 171 2. Translations from Italian in the German-speaking area 178 Table of contents vii 3. Transformations of the field of translation 192 Social fields and their rules of operation 192 Dynamizing the Bourdieusian field 195 Paratexts – thresholds of the book 197 The Habsburg space of mediation 217 4. The translational space of mediation: Conclusions 232 Conclusion 235 1. Model: The communicative space of the Habsburg Monarchy 238 Th e pluricultural communicative space of the Habsburg Monarchy 239 Space of polycultural translation 242 Exogenous cultural field 243 Space of transcultural translation 243 2. Kakania as a site of translation 244 References 247 Appendix: List of Italian–German translations 1848–1918 271 Name index 285 Subject index 287 List of figures Figure 1. The ten most frequently named languages offered by sworn interpreters 76 Figure 2. Professions of sworn interpreters 79 Figure 3. Number of advertisements, 1876–1918, Vienna 122 Figure 4. Average number of languages per advertisement, 1876–1918 124 Figure 5. Translations into German 1848–1918 (Habsburg Monarchy) by language 157 Figure 6. Number of translations by decade 157 Figure 7. Genres 158 Figure 8. Genres and authors’ gender 159 Figure 9. Genres and translators’ gender 160 Figure 10. Place of publication, Habsburg Monarchy 160 Figure 11. Publishers, Habsburg Monarchy 162 Figure 12. Total number of Italian–German translations 183 Figure 13. Number of Italian–German translations compared with total book production 184 Figure 14. Italian–German translations in the Habsburg Monarchy, by genre 187 Figure 15. Italian–German translations in the German-speaking area, by place of publication 187 Figure 16. Italian–German translations in the Habsburg Monarchy, by place of publication 188 Figure 17. Naming of translators in all Italian–German translations, 1848–1918 189 Figure 18. Italian–German translations with and without paratexts (Habsburg Monarchy), by decade 191 Figure 19. Italian–German translations with and without paratexts (Habsburg Monarchy), by publisher 191 Figure 20. The communicative space of the Habsburg Monarchy 239 List of tables Table 1. The nationalities of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1910 39 Table 2. Total book production in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848–1918, and relative to Germany and Switzerland 46 Table 3. Book production in the Habsburg Monarchy by language, 1853–99 47 Table 4. Nationality of career officers and enlisted men in the Joint Army, 1897 and 1910 59 Table 5. Languages offered by sworn interpreters in Vienna between 1864 and 1918 75 Table 6. Sworn interpreters in the languages of the Habsburg