Reading Biblical Hebrew Paradigms Hebrew Keyboard ........................................................................................................................................2 Consonants ..................................................................................................................................................3 Vowels .........................................................................................................................................................4 Adjective Endings ........................................................................................................................................5 Noun Endings ..............................................................................................................................................5 Pronominal Suffixes ■ .................................................................................................................................6 Verb Stems ..................................................................................................................................................7 Qal ...............................................................................................................................................................8 Niphal..........................................................................................................................................................9 Piel ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 Hitpael...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Pual .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Hiphil ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 Hophal...................................................................................................................................................... 14 2021.08.25 John C. Beckman Hebrew Keyboard • This keyboard map is used by the online quiz system. It is based on the SIL Hebrew keyboard map. • Qamats and qamats qatan are both typed as shift-A. א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח טׁ יׁ כ ך ל מ ם נ ן ס ע פ ף צ ץ ק ר שׁ שׁ ת t j f r q c p s n m l k y v x z w h d g b shift C P < N M K > ְׁ ֲׁ ַׁ ָׁ ֱׁ ֶׁ ֵׁ ִׁ ֳׁ ֹׁ ֻׁ ּׁ ׁ֫ = u o i e a ; shift 6 E A press & release ctrl alt shift \ O E A ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - = del ּ ־ maqaf dagesh Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P [ ] \ פ ֹ ִ ֻ י ת ר ֶ ו ק quf vav segol resh tav yud qubuts hiriq holam pe Caps A S D F G H J K L ; ‘ Return ְ ל כ ׁש ה ג ׂש ד ס ַ patah samekh dalet sin gimel he shin kaf lamed shva Shift Z X C V B N M , . / Shift מ נ ב ט צ ח ז zayin het tsadi tet bet nun mem Ctrl Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - = del ׁ֫ Tab Q W E R T accentY U I O P [ ] \ ף ֹ ֵ tsere holam final pe Caps A S D F G H J K L ; ‘ Return ך ָ qamats final kaf Shift Z X C V B N M , . / Shift א ע ם ן ץ final tsadi final nun final mem ayin alef Ctrl Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - = del Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P [ ] \ ֳ ֱ hataf segol hataf qamats ׁ֫ accent Caps A S D F G H J K L ; ‘ Return ֲ hataf patah Shift Z X C V B N M , . / Shift Ctrl Alt Cmd Space Cmd Alt Ctrl 2 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman Consonants Pronunciation (if needed) Name Final Form Consonant 1 א silent alef 2 ב V if no dagesh bet 3 ג gimel 4 ד dalet 5 ה he 6 ו vav 7 ז zayin 8 ח KH het 9 ט tet 10 י yud 11 כ ׁ ךׁ ׁ KH if no dagesh kaf 12 ל lamed 13 מ ם ׁ mem 14 נ ן ׁ nun 15 ס samekh 16 ע silent ayin 17 פ ׁ ף ׁ F if no dagesh pe 18 צ ץׁ ׁ tsadi 19 ק quf 20 ר resh 21 ׂש sin 22 ׁש shin 23 ת tav John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms 3 of 14 Vowels Vowel Letters Vowel Points Class Sound Full Vowels Reduced Vowels patah ֲ hataf patah ַ A latte qamats he qamats ָ ָה segol yud ֶ segol ֱ hataf segol ֶי segol he ֶה E bet tsere yud ֵ tsere ֵי tsere he ֵה hiriq yud ִ hiriq ִי I beet qamats qatan ֳ hataf qamats ָ O go holam he holam vav holam ֹ ֹו ֹה shuruq ֻ qubuts ּו U goo None abide ְ vocal shva Vowel Letters Vowel Points Class Sound Full Vowels Reduced Vowels 4 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman Adjective Endings Absolute State Construct State Number Gender (Bare) +Pronominal Suffix ■ Masculine (none) ■ (none) ַ֫ת ת ■ ָ֫ה Singular Feminine ת ת ■ ת ֵ֫ י י■ ִ֫ ים Masculine Plural ֹ֫ות ֹותי ■ ׁ ֹ֫ות Feminine Noun Endings Absolute State Construct State Number Gender (Bare) +Pronominal Suffix ■ Usually Masculine (none) ■ (none) ֵ֫ה ■ ֶ֫ה Masculine Singular ַ֫ת ת ■ ָ֫ה Feminine ת ת ■ ת ֵ֫ י י■ ַ֫ יִם Either Dual תֵ֫ י תי ■ תַ֫ יִם Feminine ֵ֫ י י■ ִ֫ ים Usually Masculine Plural ֹ֫ות ֹותי ■ ׁ ֹ֫ות Usually Feminine • If no accent is shown, then either of the last two full vowels can be accented. .or a pronominal suffix ■, then the vowel varies ,ת , יׁ If no vowel is shown before • ָׁ יׁ■ or , ַׁ יׁ■ , ֵׁ יׁ■ , ֶׁׁ יׁ■ only occurs on singular words. Duals and plurals use ִיׁ■ ➢ ֹת and ִם may be written defectively as ֹות and ִ ׁ ים The plural endings • ֹות■ → may omit the yud ֹותיׁ■ The feminine plural ending • John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms 5 of 14 Pronominal Suffixes ■ Number Person Gender Used on Various Kinds of Words Not on Finite Verbs 1 C 1 2 3 ַי ִי ׁ נִי ׁ נִ י M ךָׁ ָך 2 Singular F ְך M ֹׁ ה הּו ו נּו ֹו 3 F הָׁ נָה ָׁ ּה 1 C נּו נּו M כֶ ם 2 Plural F כֶןׁ M הֶ ם מֹו ם 3 F הֶ ן ׁ ן ’.+1cs ‘with meב is בִ י +1cs ‘my son’, andבֵ ן is בְ נִ י So .תַ֫חַ ת and כָ מֹו is not used on prepositions except נִי The 1cs pronominal suffix 1 ’.is ‘my brother אָחִי is used on prepositions. It is also used on singular nouns and adjectives. So ׁ ִי The 1cs pronominal suffix 2 ’.is ‘my brothers אָחַי is used on prepositions. It is also used on dual and plural nouns and adjectives. So ׁ ַי The 1cs pronominal suffix 3 .( אָחֶׁיַי NOT) אָחַ י dual and plural ending. This is why ‘my brothers’ is יׁ■ of the יׁ absorbs the ׁ ַיׁ The 1cs pronominal suffix 3 ’.is ‘my brothers אָחָיׁ following the ַׁׁ ↔ ָׁׁ rule. So , ׁ ָי is sometimes written ׁ ַיׁ The 1cs pronominal suffix 3 6 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman Verb Stems Active Middle Passive Pp) Niphal (N) ֵׁ ( ַׁ P, ָׁׁ Pt, ֹׁׁ A) Niphalּׁו ,Qal (Q) ֹׁ ( ַׁ P, ָׁׁ P3+■, ֵׁׁ Pt P, Pt, A נִ ְ ■+P, Pp, A, ∞+■, M2ms ָ Pt ֹ I יִ ָּ I יִ ְ M∞A הִ ָּ ( ׁׁ֫ +M∞ (P+ ׁׁ֫ , Pp ְ (Piel (D) ֵ Hitpael (HtD) ֵ Pual (Dp) ַ ( ָׁ Pt P, M∞A ּ ֻ P הִתְ ַ ּ P ִ ּ Pt מְ ֻ ּ Pt מִתְ ַ ּ Pt מְ ַ ּ I יְ ֻ ּ I יִתְ ַ ּ I יְ ַ ּ M∞A ַ ּ (A / M2ms+Ø / short I+Ø ) Hiphil Hophal (Hp) ַ ( ָׁ Pt ֵ ) ִי (Hiphil (H P הֻ/הָ ְ P הִ ְ Pt מֻ/מָ ְ Pt מַ ְ I יֻ ׁ/ׁיָ ְ I יַ ְ M∞A הַ ְ “+■” means a pronominal suffix. On the M2ms it also includes paragogic He. .means any ending that grabs the accent: a pronominal suffix or an accented subject ending ” ׁ֫ +“ “+Ø” means nothing at the end: no subject ending, no pronominal suffix, no paragogic He. John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms 7 of 14 Qal ■ ( Ppּׁו ,Qal Qal (Q) ֹׁ ( ַׁ P, ָׁׁ P3+ , ֵׁׁ Pt ■+P, Pp, A, ∞+■, M2ms ָ Pt ֹ I ִיְ ∞ ( ׁׁ֫ +M (P+ ׁׁ֫ , Pp ְ Qal Participle Qal Passive Participle Number Gender Absolute Construct Absolute Construct ְק֫טּולׁ ָק֫טּולׁ ֹק ֵ֫טלׁ same ← ֹק ֵ֫טלׁ M ְק ַ֫טּולת ׁ ְק ָ֫טּולהׁ ׁ ֹקְט ַ֫לתׁ ֹקְט ָ֫להׁ Singular F (does not occur) (does not occur) ֹק ֶ֫טֶלתׁ same ← ֹק ֶ֫טֶלתׁ F ְק ֵ֫טּולי ׁ ְקִ֫טּולים ׁ ֹקְט ֵ֫ליׁ ֹקְטִ֫ליםׁ M Plural ְק֫טּולֹות same ← ְק֫טּולֹות ֹקְט֫לֹות same ← ֹקְט֫לֹות F PGN QP+■ QP QI QM ׁ ֶאְק ֹ֫טלׁ ׁ ָק ַ֫טְלִתיׁ ְקַטְל ִ֫תי ■ 1cs ְק ֹ֫טלׁ ∞or Q ִתְק ֹ֫טלׁ ָק ַ֫טְלָתׁ ְקַטְל֫תׁ ■ 2ms ִקְטִ֫ליׁ ִתְקְטִ֫לי ָק ַ֫טְלְתׁ 2fs omit ִיְק ֹ֫טלׁ ָק ַ֫טלׁ ְקָט֫לׁ ■ 3ms or QM2ms ִתְק ֹ֫טלׁ ָקְט ָ֫להׁ parHe+ ְקָט ַ֫לת■ 3fs ִנְק ֹ֫טלׁ ָק ַ֫טְלנּו ְקַטְל֫נּו■ 1cp ִקְט֫לּוׁ ִתְקְט֫לּו ְקַטְל ֶ֫תםׁ 2mp omit ְק ֹ֫טְלָנהׁ ִתְק ֹ֫טְלָנה ְקַטְל ֶ֫תןׁ 2fp omit ִיְקְט֫לּו ָקְט֫לּוׁ ְקָט֫לּו■ 3mp ָק ֹ֫טלׁ QA ִתְק ֹ֫טְלָנׁה ↑ = 3fp ׁ 3cp = ↑ 3cp 8 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C. Beckman Niphal ( Niphal Niphal (N) ֵׁ ( ַׁ P, ָׁׁ Pt, ֹׁ A P, Pt, A ִנְ I ִי ָּ M∞A ִה ָּ Participle Number Gender Absolute Construct ִנְק ָ֫טׁל M ִנְקָט ָ֫לׁה Singular F too rare to learn ִנְק ֶ֫טֶלׁת F ִנְקָטִ֫לׁים M Plural ִנְקָט֫לֹוׁת F PGN Perfect Imperfect Imperative ׁ ִאׁ / ֶאָק ֵ֫טׁל ׁ ִנְק ַ֫טְלִתׁי 1cs ִהָק ֵ֫טׁל (or N(∞/A ִתָק ֵ֫טׁל ִנְק ַ֫טְל ָׁת 2ms ִהָקְטִ֫לי or N∞+1cs ִתָקְטִ֫לׁי ִנְק ַ֫טְל ְׁת 2fs ִיָק ֵ֫טׁל ִנְקַטׁל 3ms ִתָק ֵ֫טׁל ִנְקְט ָ֫לׁה 3fs ִנָק ֵ֫טׁל ִנְק ַ֫טְלנּׁו 1cp ִהָקְט֫לּו ִתָקְט֫לּׁו ִנְקַטְל ֶ֫תׁם 2mp (does not occur) ִתָק ַ֫טְלָנׁה ִנְקַטְל ֶ֫תׁן 2fp ִהָק ֹ֫טׁל NA ִיָקְט֫לּו ִנְקְט֫לּׁו 3mp ִנְק ֹ֫טׁל NA ִתָק ַ֫טְלָנׁה ↑ = 3fp 3cp John C. Beckman Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms 9 of 14 Piel ֵ (Piel Piel (D P ִ ּ Pt ְמַ ּ I ְיַ ּ M∞A ַ ּ Participle Number Gender Absolute Construct ְמַק ֵ֫טׁל same ← ְמַק ֵ֫טׁל M Singular F (occurs 3x, always breaks rule) (does not occur) ְמַק ֶ֫טֶלׁת same ← ְמַק ֶ֫טֶלׁת F ְמַקְט ֵ֫לׁי ְמַקְטִ֫לׁים M Plural ְמַקְט֫לֹׁות same ← ְמַקְט֫לֹׁות F PGN Perfect Imperfect Imperative ׁ ֲאַק ֵ֫טׁל ׁ ִק ַ֫טְלִתׁי 1cs ַק ֵ֫טׁל (or D(∞/A ְתַק ֵ֫טׁל ִק ַ֫טְל ָׁת 2ms ַקְטִ֫לׁי or D∞+1cs ְתַקְטִ֫לׁי ִק ַ֫טְל ְׁת 2fs ְיַק ֵ֫טׁל ִק ֵ֫טׁל 3ms ְתַק ֵ֫טׁל ִקְט ָ֫לׁה 3fs ְנַק ֵ֫טׁל ִק ַ֫טְלנּו 1cp ַקְט֫לּׁו ְתַקְט֫לּׁו ִקַטְל ֶ֫תׁם 2mp ַק ֵ֫טְלָנׁה ְתַק ֵ֫טְלָנׁה ִקַטְל ֶ֫תׁן 2fp ְיַקְט֫לּׁו ִקְט֫לּׁו 3mp ְתַק ֵ֫טְלָנׁה ↑ = 3fp 3cp 10 of 14 Reading Biblical Hebrew — Paradigms John C.