NELSON NELSON MODERNHISTORY MODERNHISTORY RECOGNITION AND RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES RIGHTS AND OF INDIGENOUS RECOGNITION NELSON MODERNHISTORY RECOGNITION Nelson Cengage has developed this series A Globalised World AND RIGHTS for Australian senior secondary students of Age of Imperialism Modern History. The series includes titles Australia 1918–1950s that encompass the period from the 18th century to the contemporary world and China and Revolution OF INDIGENOUS they explore the social, cultural and political Civil Rights in the United States of America developments that shape the 21st century. Decolonisation Written by experienced educators and Germany 1918–1945 experts in their fields, each book builds on India a narrative framework to incorporate recent PEOPLES research and historiography, primary and Recognition and Rights of Indigenous Peoples secondary sources, and learning activities. Russia and the Soviet Union These key features combine to support the The American Revolution development of historical knowledge and The Changing World Order understanding and historical skills that will enable students to interpret and reflect on The Enlightenment the experience and developments that have The French Revolution created the world in which they live. The Industrial Revolution Recognition and rights of indigenous peoples The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East Since the 1930s, Aboriginal Australians have campaigned for rights of citizenship and political United States of America 1900–1945 equality. In the 1960s these campaigns also began to focus on land rights, self-determination and social equity. The Gurindji people of the Northern Territory led one of the many important Women’s Movements developments in the struggle for Aboriginal rights. In 1965, Gurindji workers at the Wave Hill Station walked off the job in protest at poor pay and treatment by their employers. Their concerns, however, were greater than simply pay and conditions. In 1967 they unsuccessfully petitioned the Governor-General for the return of their tribal lands. The Gurindji claim was rejected, but the election of Gough Whitlam as Prime Minister, in 1972, rekindled their hopes. GORDON In 1975 the first granting of land rights to Aboriginal Australians was made to the Gurindji people. This photograph shows the Prime Minister symbolically transferring ownership of the land, using a handful of Dagurgu soil, to Vincent Lingiari, a key leader in the Gurindji campaign. Vincent Lingiari (1908–1988) ISBN: 978-0170244039 Lingiari led the Gurindji campaign for land rights. The song ‘From Little Things Big Things Grow’ by Kev Carmody and Paul Kelly SUE GORDON celebrated Lingiari’s contribution to the struggle for Aboriginal rights. Read more about land rights, the Gurindji Campaign and Vincent Lingiari in Chapter 3. SERIES EDITOR: TONY TAYLOR 9 780170 244039 For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au indigenous_sb_44039_cvr_gatefold_finalart.indd 1-4 31/10/14 11:30 AM Imagine if we had suffered the injustice and then were blamed for it. Paul Keating, Redfern Address, 1992 Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 9780170244039 00a_nmh-Indigenous Peoples_sb_44039_pre.indd 1 16/10/14 11:06 AM iii CONTENTS About the series iv Series editor acknowledgements vi Author acknowledgements vii 001 Introduction 098 CHAPTER 4 Reconciliation? 008 CHAPTER 1 Denied rights: protection, 130 CHAPTER 5 segregation and control Maori rights 040 CHAPTER 2 158 CHAPTER 6 Assimilation and the Protest and change in New Zealand struggle for rights 186 Conclusion 066 CHAPTER 3 Indigenous rights Index 192 9780170244039 00a_nmh-Indigenous Peoples_sb_44039_pre.indd 3 16/10/14 11:06 AM ABOUT THE SERIES Using Recognition and Rights of Indigenous Peoples Recognition and Rights of Indigenous Peoples has been developed especially for senior secondary students of History and is part of the Nelson Modern History series. Each book in the series is based on the understanding that History is an interpretive study of the past by which you also come to better appreciate the making of the modern world. Developing understandings of the past and present in senior History extends on the skills you learnt in earlier years. As senior students you will use historical skills, including research, evaluation, synthesis, analysis and communication, and99 the historical concepts, such as evidence, continuity and change, cause and effect, significance, empathy, perspectives and contestability, to understand and interpret societies from the past. The activities and tasks CHAPTERin Recognition FOUR and Rights of Indigenous Peoples have been written to ensure that you develop the skills and attributes you need in senior History subjects. Reconciliation? KEY FIGURES AND ORGANISATIONS, KEY TERMS 1976 1989– AND CONCEPTS, KEY DOCUMENTS 2004 Reconciliation is about the relationship between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Aboriginal Land peoples and non-Indigenous Australians. It includes Indigenous rights, especially to Rights Act (Northern Aboriginal and 1997 feature brief biographies, profiles, definitions Territory) Torres Strait Islander land, and the process of gaining the enjoyment of equal rights. Commission (ATSIC) 1975 The 1990s was a decade devoted to reconciliation, but the 1992 Mabo decision The High Court 1985 of Australia’s overturningand terra nullius summaries took centre stage for several of years.key The documentsensuing native title as a ready Hikoi (Land March) 1991 Wik judgment to New Zealand The Bringing legislation was modified after the 1997Wik decision. Parliament in Them Home report Wellington Waitangi Tribunal, Report of the Royal New Zealand, allows Commission into Challenges to reconciliation also included controversies over the Bringing Them Australian Racial reference for learning and revision. claims back to 1840 Aboriginal Deaths Discrimination Act in Custody Home report, the political party One Nation and the ‘history wars’. These public 2000 debates reinforced positions on Indigenous rights along party political lines. However, Tent Embassy New Zealand Race established Prime Minister the reconciliation process involved many Australians at a personal level, leading Relations Act Kevin Rudd’s apology to the to more recognition of Indigenous experience and more expressions of support for The High Court Stolen Generations 1972 of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. 1971 Mabo judgment Attitudes were influenced during the 1990s by the many Aboriginal and Torres Strait 2008 islander people who emerged as political leaders or consolidated their roles. In Australian 1992 cultural life, Indigenous singers, dancers, artists, writers and sportspeople were strongly Howard Government’s represented. Some recognition of Indigenous people as Australia’s First Peoples became Northern 98 99 Territory National commonplace, even while Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Emergency Response (the peoples remained unrepresented in the Constitution and ‘Intervention’) INQUIRY QUESTIONS disadvantagedCHAPTER relative FOUR to the rest of the population. While there is some improvement, socioeconomic + What has reconciliation delivered 2007 regarding Indigenous rights or disadvantage continues. There is much unfinished business citizenship rights since 1990? related to both symbolic recognition and to practical changes leading to greater equality. In the 21st century, the + What are the issues for Aboriginal 9780170244039 party political differencesReconciliation? regarding Indigenous rights have and Torres Strait Islander peoples continued and Indigenous leaders have presented a range of in the 21st century? ways forward. Reconciliation is ongoing. ❮ The original ‘Sea of Hands’ was created in 1997 and installed in front of Parliament House, Canberra. It consisted of plastic hands in the colours of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags. Each hand carried a signature in support of a petition to mobilise non-Indigenous support for native title and reconciliation. This Reconciliation is about the relationship between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smaller installation in Sydney was created in 2009 in an effort to keep issues such as native title and reconciliation on the peoples and non-Indigenous Australians. It includes Indigenous rights, especially to 9780170244039 minds of all Australians. land, and the process of gaining the enjoyment of equal rights. CHAPTER 4 The 1990s was a decade devoted to reconciliation, but the 1992 Mabo decision INQUIRY Reconciliation? ILLUSTRATED TIMELINE overturning terra nullius took centre stage for several years. The ensuing native title legislation was modified after the 1997Wik decision. Challenges to reconciliation also included controversies over the Bringing Them QUESTIONS is a bird’s-eye view of the topic Home report, the political party One Nation and the ‘history wars’. These public debates reinforced positions on Indigenous rights along party political lines. However, the reconciliation process involved many Australians at a personal level, leading to more recognition of Indigenous experience and more expressions of support for are listed at the and summarises the major Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Attitudes were influenced during the 1990s by the many Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander people who emerged as political leaders or consolidated their roles. In Australian start of the chapter. developments of the period. cultural life, Indigenous singers,