Summary Table of Contents Second Edition Acknowledgments ........................................ v First Edition Acknowledgments........................................... vii Photo Acknowledgments ................................................ ix Table of Biographies..................................................... xi Table of Cases .......................................................... xxvii Chapter 1 How to Use This Book ...........................................1 Chapter 2 Introduction to Constitutional Law ...............................9 PART I: THE BIG PICTURE 37 Chapter 3 A Tour of the Constitution ......................................45 Chapter 4 Judicial Review ................................................73 Chapter 5 Early State-Federal Relations ...................................99 Chapter 6 Slavery ......................................................137 Chapter 7 The Reconstruction Amendments. .171 Chapter 8 The Lochner Era .............................................217 Chapter 9 The New Deal Revolution. .263 Chapter 10 Levels of Scrutiny .............................................295 Chapter 11 The Civil Rights Era and the Warren Court ......................337 PART II: STRUCTURAL LIMITS 377 Chapter 12 Supremacy ...................................................387 Chapter 13 Federalism ...................................................435 Chapter 14 Enumerated Powers ..........................................457 Chapter 15 Separation of Powers .........................................551 Chapter 16 Master Class: Structural Limits ................................623 xiii SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS PART III: INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 661 Chapter 17 Equality Rights ...............................................669 Chapter 18 Fairness Rights ...............................................857 Chapter 19 Freedom Rights ..............................................923 Chapter 20 Exceptions to the State Action Doctrine .......................1023 Chapter 21 Master Class: Individual Rights ...............................1067 Appendix A: The Constitution of the United States .............................1141 Appendix B: Amendments Not Ratified ......................................1163 Appendix C: Master Kickstarter. 1167 Index ....................................................................1173 xiv Detailed Table of Contents Second Edition Acknowledgments .......................................... v First Edition Acknowledgments............................................. vii Photo Acknowledgments .................................................. ix Table of Biographies....................................................... xi Table of Cases .......................................................... xxvii Chapter 1 How to Use This Book 1 A. An Integrated Approach for Integrated Cases ...............................1 B. The Big Picture: Powers and Their Limits ...................................3 C. Features of the Book .....................................................5 1. Kickstarters ........................................................5 2. Flash-Forwards and Flashbacks .......................................6 3. Case Background. 6 4. Study Questions .....................................................6 5. Case Editing ........................................................6 6. Chapter Recaps .....................................................7 Chapter 2 Introduction to Constitutional Law 9 A. What Is Constitutional Law? ..............................................9 1. The Law That Governs the Government ................................9 2. The Law for Making Laws ...........................................10 3. The Plan for Deciding Who Decides ..................................12 B. Why Study Constitutional Law? ...........................................15 C. Methods of Constitutional Reasoning .....................................18 1. Text ..............................................................18 2. Precedent .........................................................19 3. Structure ..........................................................20 4. History ...........................................................21 5. Consequences .....................................................22 6. Values ............................................................23 D. Constitutional Reasoning in Action: Ingraham v. Wright .....................24 xv DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE BIG PICTURE 37 A. The Parts of the Picture .................................................39 B. Interaction of the Parts ..................................................40 C. The Historical Setting ...................................................42 Chapter 3 A Tour of the Constitution 45 A. Political Background. .45 1. States and Sovereignty ..............................................45 2. Confederation .....................................................47 3. Reasons to Change the System .......................................48 B. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 ....................................50 1. Areas of Consensus .................................................51 a) Energetic National Government. .51 b) State Sovereignty ...............................................51 c) Republicanism .................................................52 d) Separation of Powers. .53 2. Areas of Division and Compromise ...................................53 a) Representation in Congress. .53 b) Slavery ........................................................56 c) Choosing the President .........................................59 C. A Tour of the 1787 Constitution. 59 Preamble .............................................................59 Article I: The Legislature ................................................60 Article II: The Executive Branch ..........................................61 Article III: The Judicial Branch ...........................................62 Article IV: Interactions Among States .....................................62 Article V: Amendments .................................................63 Article VI: Miscellaneous Provisions ......................................63 Article VII: Ratification Procedure .......................................63 D. Ratification Conventions and The Bill of Rights .............................64 E. Is the Written Constitution Complete? Calder v. Bull ........................67 Chapter 4 Judicial Review 73 A. The Counter-Majoritarian Power of Judicial Review .........................74 B. Judicial Review of Federal Government Action: Marbury v. Madison ...........77 C. Judicial Review of State Court Decisions ...................................91 xvi DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS D. The Justiciability Requirement ...........................................94 1. Standing ..........................................................95 2. Ripeness ..........................................................95 3. Mootness .........................................................96 4. The Political Question Doctrine ......................................96 Chapter 5 Early State-Federal Relations 99 A. State Interference with a Federal Entity: McCulloch v. Maryland .............100 B. Concurrent State and Federal Regulation of Commerce: Gibbons v. Ogden ...116 C. The Federal Bill of Rights and the States: Barron v. Baltimore. 129 Chapter 6 Slavery 137 A. Slavery as a Pervasive Legal Institution ..................................137 B. The Fugitive Slave Clause: Prigg v. Pennsylvania ..........................139 C. Increasing Political Polarization over Slavery ..............................148 D. Slavery in Federal Territory: The Dred Scott Decision .......................149 E. Lincoln and Douglas Debate the Dred Scott Decision ......................164 F. Secession, Civil War, and Emancipation ..................................167 Chapter 7 The Reconstruction Amendments 171 A. Reconstruction Amendments and Statutes ...............................172 1. The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) ..................................172 2. The Freedman’s Bureau (1865) ......................................173 3. Civil Rights Act of 1866 ............................................174 4. The Fourteenth Amendment (1866–68) ..............................174 5. The Military Reconstruction Act (1867) ..............................175 6. Impeachment (1868) ...............................................175 7. The Fifteenth Amendment (1870). .176 B. Decisions Upholding Individual Rights Claims .............................177 1. Racially Discriminatory Statutes: Strauder v. West Virginia ............177 2. Racially Discriminatory Practices: Yick Wo v. Hopkins .................183 C. Decisions Rejecting Individual Rights Claims .............................187 1. The Demise of the Fourteenth Amendment Privileges or Immunities Clause ..............................................188 a) The Narrow Definition: The Slaughterhouse Cases (1872) ...........189 b) Right to Practice Law: Bradwell v. Illinois (1872) ...................190 xvii DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS c) Right to Vote: Minor v. Happersett (1874) .........................190 d) Enumerated Rights from Bill of Rights: United States v. Cruikshank (1876) ...............................191 2. Limits on the Civil Rights Enforcement Powers: The Civil Rights Cases ...193 3. Government-Enforced Segregation: Plessy v. Ferguson .................205 Chapter 8 The Lochner Era 217 A. The Lochner-Era Commerce Clause