ISSN 1409-3871 VOL. 11, No. 3 DECEMBER 2011 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON ANDEAN ORCHIDS Edited by ALEC M. PRIDGEON Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom and HUGO GUILLERMO NAVARRETE ZAMBRANO Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Apdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON ORCHIDOLOGY The Vice-Presidency of Research UNIVERSITY OF COSTA RICA is sincerely acknowledged for his support to the printing of this volume INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON ORCHIDOLOGY Copyright © 2011 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica Effective publication date: November 20, 2011 Layout: Jardín Botánico Lankester. Cover: Sobralia mucronata Ames & C. Schweinf. Photograph by F. Pupulin. Printer: S&F Printing Solutions Printed copies: 500 Printed in Costa Rica / Impreso en Costa Rica R Lankesteriana / International Journal on Orchidology No. 1 (2001)-- . -- San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, 2001-- v. ISSN-1409-3871 1. Botánica - Publicaciones periódicas, 2. Publicaciones periódicas costarricenses Visit the new webpage at www.lankesteriana.org Originally devoted to the publication of articles on general botany, with special attention to epiphytic plants and orchid systematics, ecology, evolution and physiology, along with book reviews and conferen- ces on these subjects, since 2007 LANKESTERIANA focused exclusively on scientific papers on orchidology. LANKESTERIANA is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original works in English and occasionally in Spanish, and it is distributed to more than 350 libraries and institutions worldwide. In order to increase visibility of the articles published in LANKESTERIANA, the journal maintains since 2009 a web page with downloadable contents. With November, 2011, we present to our readers a new interface of the journal at www.lankesteriana.org Please bookmark the new address of the webpage, which substitutes the previous address hosted at the internal server of ucr.ac.cr. Readers can now browse through all the past issues of LANKESTERIANA, including the currrent issue, and download them as complete fascicles or, via the Index to the single issues, only the articles of their interest. According to the Open Access policy promoted by the University of Costa Rica, all the publications supported by the University are licensed under the Creative Commons copyright. Downloading LANKESTERIANA is com- pletely free. At the home page of LANKESTERIANA you may also search for author names, article titles, scientific names, key words or any other word which should appear in the text you are looking for. We take the opportunity to acknowledge our authors, reviewers and readers, who help us making a better scientific journal. The editors I TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ALEC A. PRIDGEON III Acknowledgments IV Darwin’s orchids: their variation, plasticity, and natural selection JAMES D. ACKERMAN, MARIELY MORALES & RAYMOND TREMBLAY 179 How many orchid species in Costa Rica? A review of the latest discoveries DIEGO BOGARÍN 185 Mating systems in the Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): evolutionary and systematic implications EDUARDO LEITE BORBA, ARIANE RAQUEL BARBOSA, MARCOS CABRAL DE MELO, SAMUEL LOUREIRO GONTIJO & HENRIQUE ORNELLAS DE OLIVEIRA 207 A look at “The orchid book” in celebration of Charles Darwin’s 200th birthday KENNETH M. CAMERON 223 Orchids in a changing climate PHILLIP CRIBB 233 ¿Las Sobralias se pueden clasificar? — El complejo de Sobralia warszewiczii ROBERT L. DRESSLER 239 Filogenia molecular preliminar de Scaphosepalum (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) LORENA ENDARA A., NORRIS H. WILLIAMS & W. MARK WHITTEN 245 The genus Coryanthes: a paradygm in ecology GÜNTER GERLACH 253 What will be left of the primary forest in Ecuador? ALEXANDER HIRTZ 265 How uniform is species diversity in tropical forests? PAVEL KINDLMANN & CARLOS A. VERGARA CASSAS 269 Active mountain building and the distribution of “core” Maxillariinae species in tropical Mexico and Central America STEPHEN H. KIRBY 275 The role of common orchids in appreciating the complexity of biodiversity conservation MARILYN H. S. LIGHT & MICHAEL MACCONAILL 293 Botanic gardens, education, and orchid conservation strategies: the need for a coordinated approach THOMAS J. MIRENDA 301 Preliminary molecular phylogenetics of Sobralia and relatives (Orchidaceae: Sobralieae) KURT M. NEUBIG, W. MARK WHITTEN, MARIO A. BLANCO, LORENA ENDARA, NORRIS H. WILLIAMS & SAMANTHA KOEHLER 307 Epigenetic information – Unexplored source of natural variation OVIDIU PAUN & MARK W. CHASE 319 LANKESTERIANA 11(3), December 2011. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2011. II LANKESTERIANA Of greenish Encyclia: natural variation, taxonomy, cleistogamy, and a comment on DNA barcoding FRANCO PUPULIN & DIEGO BOGARÍN 325 The leaves got right again: DNA phylogenetics supports a sister-group relationship between Eurystyles and Lankesterella (Orchidaceae: Spiranthinae) GERARDO A. SALAZAR & ROBERT L. DRESSLER 337 Orchid seed stores for sustainable use: a model for future seed-banking activities PHILIP T. SEATON & HUGH W. PRITCHARD 349 Fitness landscapes in orchids: parametric and non-parametric approaches RAYMOND L. TREMBLAY 355 POSTERS Conservation science Aplicación de la técnica de encapsulación – deshidratación para la crioconservación de semillas y protocormos de Oncidium stenotis (Orchidaceae) ALBERTO ROURA, KARINA PROAÑO & MÓNICA JADÁN 365 Ecology Mating system and female reproductive success of the endemic, epiphytic Prosthechea aff. karwinskii (Orchidaceae) ERIKA CAMACHO-DOMÍNGUEZ & IRENE ÁVILA- DÍAZ 366 Hongos endófitos de la orquídea epífita Laelia speciosa ROBERTO GARIBAY-ORIJEL, KEN OYAMA & IRENE ÁVILA-DÍAZ 367 Evidence of protandry in Aa Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae) DELSY TRUJILLO, THASSILO FRANKE & REINHARD AGERER 368 Systematics A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pleurothallis, with emphasis on Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae, using nuclear ITS and chloroplast DNA sequencing M. WILSON, C. BELLE, A. DANG, P. HANNAN, C. KENYON, H. LOW, T. STAYTON & M. WOOLLEY 369 Phylogenetic analysis of the Andean genus Brachycladium Luer (syn. Oreophilus Higgins & Archila) and closely related genera based on nuclear ITS sequencing MARK WILSON & LOU JOST 370 Barcoding the species of Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae MARK WILSON 371 LANKESTERIANA 11(3), December 2011. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2011. III PREFACE After the tremendous successes of the First Scientific Conference on Andean Orchids in Gualaceo and the Second Conference at Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, the organizers of the series received a bid from the Orchid Society of Quito, Botanical Garden of Quito, and Municipality of Quito to host the Third Conference and Show in February 2009 at the Itchimbia Cultural Center. Soon thereafter we received promises of additional sponsorship from the Ecuadorian Ministries of the Environment and Ministry of Tourism, the Botanical Founda- tion of the Andes, and the Catholic University of Quito. All these generous sponsors made it possible for us to invite 32 speakers from Ecuador, Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, the United States and Puerto Rico, Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, and Czech Republic. Lectures and poster sessions in orchid systematics, ecology, and con- servation science spanned three days, February 5-7, 2009. It is appropriate that we held the Conference in Ecuador in 2009, the bicentenary of the birth of Charles Darwin (February 9, 2009) and the 150th anniversary of publication of his On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of the Races in the Struggle for Life (November 22, 1859). For it was largely because of his collections and observations of finches and mockingbirds in the Galapagos Islands that he became aware of morphological differences among them, differences that translated into recognition of differ- ent species on each of the islands in the archipelago and would later be adduced to support his theory of natural selection. The polymathic contributions of Charles Darwin are celebrated in this volume, some explicitly as in the papers by Ken Cameron (orchid pollination) and Stephen Kirby (geology and its relationship to orchid diversity in the Neotropics) but many others implicitly, whether they are papers devoted to systematics or ecology. The variation in nature that serves as the raw materials for descent with modification is under assault around the world by rampant deforestation — especially in Ecuador and Brazil. Alex Hirtz addresses the problem in Ec- uador, while Thomas Mirenda and Philip Seaton discuss in situ and ex situ solutions, whether already in progress or proposed. As always, education is the underlying key to all the solutions, and it is in that context we hope this volume (and others in the series) will be consulted by present-day students and serve a purpose in the years ahead. ALEC M. PRIDGEON LANKESTERIANA 11(3), December 2011. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2011. IV LANKESTERIANA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the organizers of this Conference, especially Harry and Rosemarie Zelenko, Monica Navarro, Carolina Jijón, Alex Hirtz, and José “Pepe” Portilla. We are also indebted to its many sponsors: Sociedad de Orquídeas de Quito, Jardín Botánico de Quito, Municipio de Quito, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Ministerio de Turismo, Fundacion Botánica de los Andes, and Pon- tificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador. We especially thank Ecuagenera Cia. Ltda. for provid-