Coping and material culture during Second World War internment: An historical archaeology investigation of agency and anglophone prisoners of war in Europe Stacey Nichola Barrett Astill Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Stacey Astill December 2020 Table of Contents Maps, Figures, and Plates ......................................................................................................... i Tables ....................................................................................................................................... v Abstract ................................................................................................................................... vi Dedication ............................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. ix 1 Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 2 Chapter 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................ 8 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Internment and Archaeology ................................................................................... 9 2.3 Experimental Archaeology ..................................................................................... 17 2.4 Identity ................................................................................................................... 20 2.5 Differing treatment ................................................................................................ 22 2.6 Logistics .................................................................................................................. 24 2.7 Coping .................................................................................................................... 28 2.7.1 Treatment ...................................................................................................... 29 2.7.2 Sport ............................................................................................................... 31 2.7.3 Craft ................................................................................................................ 34 2.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 37 3 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................ 39 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Structuration Theory .............................................................................................. 40 3.3 Method .................................................................................................................. 49 3.3.1 Folkloristics .................................................................................................... 50 3.3.2 Prosopography ............................................................................................... 51 3.3.3 Experimental Archaeology ............................................................................. 53 3.3.4 Attributes Table ............................................................................................. 53 3.3.5 Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 56 3.3.6 Research Design ............................................................................................. 57 3.4 Sources ................................................................................................................... 58 3.4.1 Material Culture ............................................................................................. 59 3.4.2 Web Resources .............................................................................................. 61 3.4.3 Organisations ................................................................................................. 62 3.4.4 Facebook ........................................................................................................ 62 3.4.5 Forums ........................................................................................................... 63 3.4.6 Oral History .................................................................................................... 63 3.4.7 Archival Research ........................................................................................... 65 3.4.8 Subjects .......................................................................................................... 65 3.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 66 4 Chapter 4: Setting the Scene ......................................................................................... 67 4.1 Disclaimer ............................................................................................................... 67 4.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 67 4.3 Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (1929) ....................... 67 4.4 Capture ................................................................................................................... 71 4.5 Camp Life ............................................................................................................... 72 4.6 Food ....................................................................................................................... 80 4.7 Transfer .................................................................................................................. 89 4.8 Landscapes ............................................................................................................. 91 4.8.1 Camp Layouts ................................................................................................. 92 4.8.2 Camp Accommodation ................................................................................. 102 4.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 111 5 Chapter 5: Symbols of Captivity: Barbed wire and mental health ............................... 113 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 113 5.2 Why Barbed Wire? ............................................................................................... 114 5.3 WWII: Known links between captivity and mental health in 1939 ...................... 115 5.4 The 10 Articles concerning physical health .......................................................... 118 5.5 The 6 Convention articles concerning both mental and physical health ............. 119 5.6 The Articles concerning mental health ................................................................ 119 5.7 Symbolism and captivity ...................................................................................... 122 5.8 Barbed wire as representation ............................................................................ 126 5.9 Art ........................................................................................................................ 127 5.10 Physical space, identity, and health ..................................................................... 131 5.11 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 134 6 Chapter 6: A Wartime Log ............................................................................................ 136 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 136 6.2 Interplay of text and object ................................................................................. 137 6.3 Wartime Logs: An introduction ............................................................................ 140 6.4 The Wartime Logs ................................................................................................ 141 6.5 Content ................................................................................................................ 147 6.6 Identity ................................................................................................................. 151 6.6.1 Prisoner of War: Kriegie ............................................................................... 151 6.6.2 Inclusion ....................................................................................................... 154 6.6.3 Othering ....................................................................................................... 164 6.6.4 Civilian .......................................................................................................... 178 6.7 Coping .................................................................................................................. 182 6.8 Agency .................................................................................................................