FINAL REPORT Hydroecology of Intermittent and Ephemeral Streams: Will Landscape Connectivity Sustain Aquatic Organisms in a Changing Climate? SERDP Project RC-1724 JULY 2015 Julian Olden University of Washington David Lytle Oregon State University Distribution Statement A This report was prepared under contract to the Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). The publication of this report does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official policy or position of the Department of Defense. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Department of Defense. 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Z39.18 Table of Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... viii List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................. x Keywords ............................................................................................................................. x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... x Plate ................................................................................................................................... xi Objective ............................................................................................................................xii 1. Hydrological connectivity and continuity of Fort Huachuca ............................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Methods ...................................................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Study area ..................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Approach ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Hydrological connectivity and connectivity .............................................................................. 13 1.3. Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 20 1.5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 20 2. Hydrology shapes taxonomic and functional structure of desert stream invertebrate communities ....................................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................. 23 2.2.1 Study area and invertebrate collection ....................................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Hydrology and environmental variables .................................................................................... 24 2.2.3 Functional trait data ................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.4 Statistical analyses ..................................................................................................................... 27 2.3. Results .................................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Invertebrate assemblage structure and diversity across sampling sites ...................................... 31 2.3.2 Stream flow permanence as a driver of invertebrate diversity ................................................... 31 2.3.3 Relative roles of habitat, hydrology, and season in shaping invertebrate communities ............ 35 2.4 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 35 2.5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 39 2.6 Appendix A ........................................................................................................................... 40 2.7 Appendix B ............................................................................................................................ 53 2.8 Appendix C ........................................................................................................................... 54 i 2.9 Appendix D ........................................................................................................................... 57 2.10 Appendix E .......................................................................................................................... 58 2.11 Appendix F .......................................................................................................................... 59 3. Dispersal strength determines meta-communities in a dendritic riverine network ........ 60 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 60 3.2 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................... 63 3.2.1 Study site and field sampling ..................................................................................................... 63 3.2.2 Distance measures ...................................................................................................................... 65 3.2.3 Statistical analyses ..................................................................................................................... 69 3.3 Results ................................................................................................................................... 70 3.4 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 77 3.4.1 Niche filtering due to among-habitat differences ....................................................................... 77 3.4.2 Dispersal ability ......................................................................................................................... 78 3.4.3 Distance among sites .................................................................................................................. 79 3.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 79 3.6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 81 3.7 Appendix A ........................................................................................................................