Design and Implementation of Search Awareness Cues in Explicit Collaborative Information Seeking A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2017 Husain AlArayedh Manchester Business School Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ 8 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Declaration ................................................................................................................................ 11 Copyright Statement .................................................................................................................. 11 Dedication ................................................................................................................................. 12 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... 12 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 13 Word Count ............................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 14 1.1 Research Domain ........................................................................................................................ 14 1.2 Significance and Opportunity ...................................................................................................... 20 1.3 Research Overview ..................................................................................................................... 24 1.3.1 Research Question ............................................................................................................... 25 1.3.2 Research Objectives ............................................................................................................. 26 1.3.3 Research Design Process ...................................................................................................... 27 1.4 Thesis Structure .......................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2. Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 30 2.1 Information Seeking and Retrieval (IS&R) .................................................................................. 30 2.1.1 Situating IS&R and Related Definitions ................................................................................ 31 2.1.2 Information Seeking Models and Forms .............................................................................. 33 2.1.3 Search User Interfaces (SUI) ................................................................................................ 37 2.2 Collaboration ............................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.1 Processes of Collaboration ................................................................................................... 41 2.2.2 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) ................................................................ 46 2.3 Collaborative Information Seeking (CIS) ..................................................................................... 48 2.3.1 Situating CIS ......................................................................................................................... 48 2.3.2 CIS Models and Taxonomies ................................................................................................ 52 2.4 CIS Aspects .................................................................................................................................. 54 2.4.1 Awareness ............................................................................................................................ 57 2.4.2 Communication .................................................................................................................... 60 2 2.4.3 User Interface (UI) ................................................................................................................ 61 2.4.4 Division of Labour (DoL) ....................................................................................................... 63 2.4.5 Roles ..................................................................................................................................... 64 2.4.6 Collaborative Grounding ...................................................................................................... 65 2.4.7 Algorithmic Mediation ......................................................................................................... 66 2.5 Implementation of Awareness Cues and Mechanisms in CIS ..................................................... 67 2.5.1 Search Activities ................................................................................................................... 68 2.5.2 Timelines .............................................................................................................................. 73 2.5.3 Ratings and Annotations ...................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 3. Methodology ............................................................................................................ 78 3.1 Iterative and Incremental Approach ........................................................................................... 78 3.2 Design Science Research (DSR) ................................................................................................... 79 3.2.1 DSR Process Model .............................................................................................................. 80 3.2.2 DSR Philosophical Stance ..................................................................................................... 83 3.3 Methodological Approach .......................................................................................................... 84 Chapter 4. Design and Implementation of SearchAware v1 ......................................................... 85 4.1 SearchAware v1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 85 4.1.1 Design Objectives ................................................................................................................. 86 4.1.2 Design Guidelines ................................................................................................................. 88 4.2 Interface ...................................................................................................................................... 90 4.2.1 Input Features ...................................................................................................................... 93 4.2.2 Informational Features ........................................................................................................ 94 4.2.3 Control Features .................................................................................................................. 94 4.2.4 Further Collaboration and Awareness Cues ........................................................................ 94 4.3 Mashup Implementation ............................................................................................................ 95 4.3.1 Social Network: Twitter ....................................................................................................... 97 4.3.2 Mendeley ............................................................................................................................. 98 4.3.3 Microsoft Academic Search ................................................................................................. 98 4.3.4 Data Exchange Format: JSON ............................................................................................... 99 4.4 Architecture and Backend ........................................................................................................... 99 3 Chapter 5. User Study .............................................................................................................. 103 5.1 Objective ................................................................................................................................... 103 5.2 Study Method ........................................................................................................................... 104 5.3 Usage Results ............................................................................................................................ 105 5.4 Reflections................................................................................................................................. 107 5.5 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 109 Chapter 6.