Chapter 8 Taxation of international e-trade: Russian particularities Alexander Pogorletskiy and Sergei Sutyrin*1 Abstract Tax rates on e-commerce in Russia should remain moderate, given the small size of its digital trade operations (so the rise in tax revenues from higher rates would be small) and substantial growth prospects (so future tax revenues from a developed sector could be quite large). The Russian Federation’s (Russia’s) taxation of e-commerce activities presents two important challenges. First, consumer goods purchased directly from foreign online sellers enjoy significant tax advantages compared to imports purchased in Russian retail outlets, undermining the profitability of Russian importers and reducing tax revenues. Second, the value-added tax (VAT) levied on foreign exporters of electronic services creates uncertainty because the legal definition of electronic services is unclear and impedes the operations of multinational companies in Russia because VAT is taxed on intra-firm imports of services. Russian authorities are establishing effective automated systems for collecting taxes and customs duties on cross-border e-commerce, calculating VAT compensation to exporters and accounting for receipts from online stores. These systems will help to prevent abuse of the tax system, as well as reduce the cost of compliance by firms. * The contents of this chapter are the sole responsibility of the authors and are not meant to represent the position or opinions of the WTO or its members. 180 CHAPTER 8 Introduction The basic idea developed by the authors is that the tax regulation Issues of tax regulation on of international e-trade should be international e-trade transactions implemented very cautiously. Cross- became relevant immediately border e-commerce transactions in following the emergence of the value terms are still very modest virtual component of international compared to traditional trade in goods trade at the turn of the 21st century. and services. At the same time, they Over the past 20 years, the most have a clear potential for impressive obvious problems in this area have growth. Thus, a large portion of the been solved, for example, the revenues from taxing international remoteness of transactions and the e-trade incomes and operations in the related complexity of determining the short term could be foregone in the jurisdiction of the sales revenues interest of supporting the long-run formation, the qualification of sales growth of the sector through low/ revenues in the context of existing moderate taxation. We also argue double taxation agreements, and the that expansion of international application of indirect taxes, especially e-commerce in its turn would facilitate VAT and sales taxes, to e-commerce overall trade and gross domestic transactions. Modern information product (GDP) growth (see also technologies and the digitalization of Sokolovska, 2016). the economy contribute to the improvement of tax administration Particularities of foreign methods and the tax control of trade and its virtual electronic foreign trade transactions, component development including those operating on the basis in Russia of intergovernmental cooperation. At the same time, the taxation of cross- Some of the necessary tools to border e-commerce transactions in encourage foreign trade are taxes national economies in the current and duties, which can also be used conditions of global economic to obtain the necessary resources for development is still beset by a number the targeted budget financing of state of challenges actively discussed by the programmes that support foreign academic community. economic operations. With the digitalization of the national economies This chapter analyses features and the entire system of international of the tax regulation of international economic relations, an increasing (cross-border) e-trade operations number of transactions take place in the Russian Federation (Russia). in a virtual form. This is also true for We note the particularities of foreign international trade, which firstly can trade and its virtual component be carried out in the field of export development in Russia, discuss and import of tangible goods and the intricacies of cross-border services based on new digital e-commerce transaction taxation technologies, and secondly gradually and consider the tax specifics of includes in its turnover an increasing international e-trade operations with amount of virtual digital content. digital content in Russia, as well Taxation should also adapt to such as tax administration issues. e-commerce operations by properly CHAPTER 8 181 regulating related transactions 2019). The rapid growth rate of the with tangible goods and digital cross-border e-commerce segment is items, including e-services and obviously an interesting issue for tax virtual content. regulation in Russia, especially in the context of the stimulating role of Both e-trade as a whole and its taxation (OECD, 2018; Sperling, cross-border component are small Orszag and Gale, 2001). That is, in comparison with retail sales in the maintaining moderate tax rates on domestic market or with the foreign e-trade (rather than increasing tax trade in goods and services (Table 1). rates) would support its continued, Nevertheless, while e-commerce is rapid growth. And given economies of only 4 per cent of Russia’s retail trade scale in this market, encouraging the turnover, cross-border e-trade is growth of e-trade could eventually already 27 per cent of the total Russian result in large, profitable firms that internet trade market (Central Bank provide substantial extra tax revenues. of the Russian Federation, 2018, pp. 52-53). Moreover, cross-border The small size of e-commerce in Russia e-commerce sales have increased is roughly in line with international rapidly (by 20 per cent in 2018), as trends. Currently, less than 1 per cent have international parcels related to the of the value of world exports and delivery of tangible goods ordered in imports are digital products, and their foreign internet stores to Russian share has in fact decreased: in the early buyers (25 per cent in 2018) (IEP, 2000s, it exceeded 2 per cent (WTO, Table 1: Key characteristics of cross-border e-trade in Russia 2019 2017 2018 (estimated) Sales (in billions, RUB) 262 316 360–380 Sales (in billions, US$) 4.5 5.0 – Share in total e-commerce sales 25% 26% 27% in Russia Share in total retail sales in Russia 3.5% 4% – Share in total export and import goods 0.60% 0.61% – and services trade of Russia Share in GDP 0.35% 0.44% – Volume of international parcels of Russian 264 330 – Post (in millions) The main country of departure of international parcels to Russian recipients China (91%) China (94%) – (share of all countries) Average declared value of an international parcel to the Russian recipient (RUB, with – 564 (7.6) – equivalent in (EUR)) Source: The Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy; Bank of Russia, available at: http://www.cbr.ru/ collection/collection/file/5913/bulletin_18-03.pdf. 182 CHAPTER 8 2018, p. 93). E-trade accounts for a exchange using the internet, then such relatively small proportion of the total operations can be characterized as amount of retail operations. The share electronic commerce (e-commerce or of e-commerce in global retail sales e-trade). Thus, any purchase of both is just over 10 per cent (Amasty, material goods or services and virtual 2018). Thus, for all its potential digital content, if carried out using a attractiveness, e-commerce – computer or a mobile device especially cross-border – is not yet a connected to the internet, can be significant component in the business- characterized as e-commerce in a to-consumer (B2C) segment.2 At the broad sense of the word. In view of the same time, it is necessary to consider rapid spread of relevant technologies, its high growth potential; the growth many worldwide trade operations – as of sales in global e-commerce interpreted by UNCITRAL in 1996 – transactions in 2018 was 21.6 are based on electronic channels of per cent (Merehead, 2018), data exchange between the seller and significantly outstripping both the the buyer. Major components of the growth of the world economy (3.1 process include the search for goods, per cent in 2018) and the growth of services and digital products; their global exports in goods and services order; order confirmation by the seller; (4.3 per cent in 2018).3 non-cash payment by the customer of the purchase using electronic bank All of the above suggests that, at payments; and issuance of an present, due to the limited importance electronic cash receipt to inform the of e-commerce, including cross-border, buyer of the delivery of the paid goods. the fiscal effect of its taxation on national budgets (including the Russian From the point of view of our one) is insignificant. Thus, the tax discussion, e-commerce transactions regulation of cross-border e-commerce should be divided into two should not focus on increasing the components: collection of direct and indirect taxes, but rather should seek to support the 1. Remote purchase of material goods rapid growth of e-commerce activities. through virtual stores or platforms, where the delivery of goods is Features of taxation of carried out through the sales cross-border e-commerce channels mechanically with transactions electronic payment or cash to the courier (representative of the The United Nations Commission on seller); and International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce 2.