International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 516 ISSN 2229-5518 EFFECT OF ETHNIC CONFLICTS ON SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN KADUNA Mangbon Tordeng Amos1, Wuranti Valla2, Iseyemi Oluwole Samuel1 1Department of Business Administration and Management, Federal School of Statistics Manchok, Kaduna State, Nigeria. 2Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Experimental Station, Manchok, Kaduna. Corresponding author: [email protected], 08030940135 ABSTRACT Ethnic diversity ushers varieties of benefits leading to unity in diversity, symbiotic relationships, and improved society. Conversely, crisis prevail between groups, resulting from greed, religious and ethnic protection. Southern Kaduna has been characterized by restless diverse society, losing lives and properties, businesses closedIJSER down, and communities dispersed. The study examined the effect of ethnic conflicts, on small businesses development in Southern Kaduna. Applying Cochran’s formula, Samples from infinite population of small businesses in four local governments of Southern Kaduna were collected using questionnaire. Simple observation and stakeholders’ interview provided data for qualitative analysis. SPSS version 22 was used for Quantitative analysis of data. Findings disclosed that crisis disrupted business operations in Southern Kaduna. The study confirmed that businesses folded up and never reopened. The research showed that crisis reduced farm produce patronage. It concluded that small businesses suffered set back because of crisis. It disclosed that Political differences, religion, ethnic interest and power tussle escalated crisis. The research recommends that government should rise above partisan politics and protect lives and properties of the people of Southern Kaduna regardless of ethnic or IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 517 ISSN 2229-5518 religion and encourage security agencies to bring peace disturbers to justice, to revamp small business activities in Southern Kaduna. Key Words: Conflicts, Business, Development, Southern Kaduna, Diversity INTRODUCTION Ethnic diversity ushers in culture, language, intercommunity trade, tourism, knowledge exchange and religious diversity. It brings unity in diversity, symbiotic relationships, and improved society. However, converse to unity in diversity, crisis prevail between groups, resulting from greed, power tussle, religious and ethnic protection. These have been peculiar with Southern Kaduna, characterized by: Feud between diverse groups, Loss of lives and properties, businesses closed down, communities dispersed, and population reduced. The study examined the effect of ethnic conflicts, to determine whether conflicts has constituted a setback in small businesses development in Southern Kaduna. The study was conducted in 4 selected localIJSER government areas of Southern Kaduna. A total of 250 well designed questionnaires were administered to the respondents in 4 selected local government in the ratio of 60:60:65:65, respectively. A Sample size of 250 small businesses were selected from an infinite population of small businesses using Cochran’s formula thus: 풛ퟐ풑풒 풏 = ퟎ 풆ퟐ Where: 푛0 = Sample size Z2= the abscissa of the normal curve that cut off an area α at the tails. IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 518 ISSN 2229-5518 푒2 = the desired level of precision P = the estimated of proportion of an attribute that is presented in population Q = 1- p 5% level of precision for the sample size was computed using Cochran’s formula as follows: Since 푝 = 0.8 Then 푞 = 1- p = 0.2 (1.96)2(0.8)(0.2) no = 0.052 (3.8416)(0.16) no = 0.0025 0.6147 no = = 246 0.0025 no = 246 Approx.= 250 Data from 250 Samples drawn from infinite population of small businesses in four local governments of Southern KadunaIJSER were collected using questionnaire. Simple observations and stakeholders’ interview provided data for qualitative analysis. DATA DISPLAY Applying SPSS Version 22, Chi square and ANOVA were used for Quantitative analysis of data obtained from questionnaire as displayed in the tables 1 – 9 below: Table 1: LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF RESPONDENTS IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 519 ISSN 2229-5518 LGA Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative percent Jama'a 55 24.4 24.4 24.4 49.9 Kachia 55 24.3 Kaura 56 24.8 24.9 73.8 Zangon Kataf 59 26.1 26.2 100.00 Total 225 IJSER99.6 100.0 Table 2: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF RESPONDENTS Percent Valid Cumulative Respond Frequency Percent Percent 12-17 6 2.7 2.7 2.7 18-25 43 19.0 19.4 22.1 Age 26-35 93 41.2 41.9 64.0 36-40 45 19.9 20.3 84.2 IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 520 ISSN 2229-5518 41 > 35 15.5 15.8 100.0 Total 222 98.2 100.0 Christianity 203 89.8 92.3 92.3 Religion Islam 17 7.5 7.7 100.0 Total 220 97.3 100.0 Marital Status Single 67 29.6 30.0 30.0 Married 137 60.6 61.4 91.5 Divorced 5 2.2 2.2 83.7 Separated 7 3.1 3.1 96.9 Widowed 7 3.1 3.1 100.0 Table 3: EDUCATIONALIJSER STATUS OF RESPONDENTS Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Non formal 8 3.5 3.5 3.5 Primary 28 12.4 12.4 15.9 IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 521 ISSN 2229-5518 Secondary 92 40.7 40.7 56.6 Tertiary 87 38.5 38.5 95.1 Illiterate 11 4.9 4.9 100.0 Total 226 100.0 100.0 Table 4: OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENTS Valid Cumulative Occupation Frequency Percent Percent Percent Public Servant 30 IJSER13.3 13.3 13.2 Pastor 2 .9 .9 14.2 Imam 2 .9 .9 15.1 Engineer 8 3.5 3.6 18.7 Business Man 148 65.5 65.8 84.4 Teacher 11 4.9 4.9 89.3 Farmer 17 7.5 7.6 96.9 IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 522 ISSN 2229-5518 Others 7 3.1 3.1 100.0 Total 225 99.6 100.0 Table 5: RESPONDENT’S TYPE OF BUSINESS Valid Cumulative Type of business you are engaged in Frequency Percent Percent Percent Trading and commerce EnterpriseIJSER 66 29.2 30.3 30.3 Small manufacturing Enterprise 35 15.5 16.1 46.3 Service Enterprise 117 51.8 53.7 100.0 Total 218 96.5 100.0 IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 523 ISSN 2229-5518 Table 6: TRADING AND COMMERCE BUSINESSES Percent Valid Cumulative Type of trading and commerce Frequency Percent Percent Retail of crop farm produce 31 13.7 49.2 49.2 Retail of livestock, fishery and 11 4.9 17.5 66.7 poultry product IJSER Retail of mind and forestry product 16 7.1 25.4 92.1 Other products 5 2.2 7.1 100.0 Total 63 27.9 100.0 Table 7: TYPES OF ENTERPRISES Percent Valid ENTERPRISES Baking Frequency Percent Cumulative IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 524 ISSN 2229-5518 Percent Bread 3 1.3 60.0 60.0 BAKING Others 2 .9 40.0 100.0 Total 5 2.2 100.0 Block molding 2 .9 16.7 16.7 Blacksmith 2 .9 16.7 33.3 FABRICATION Welding 8 3.5 66.7 100.0 Total 12 5.3 100.0 Kunu 3 1.3 75.0 75.0 BREWING Ginger drink 1 .4 25.0 100.0 TotalIJSER 4 1.8 100.0 Soap making 8 3.5 66.7 66.7 MANUFACTURING Pomade 2 .9 16.7 83.3 OF TOILETRIES Air freshener 2 .9 16.7 100.0 Total 12 5.3 100.0 Table 8: SERVICE ENTERPRISES IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 525 ISSN 2229-5518 Percent Valid Cumulative ENTERPRISES SERVICE Frequency Percent Percent Laundry 3 1.3 20.7 46.7 car wash 4 1.8 26.7 73.3 Cleaning service shoe cobbling 4 1.8 26.7 100.0 Carpentry 4 1.8 26.7 Total 15 6.6 100.0 barbing saloon 14 6.2 56.0 56.0 Women Hair saloon 10 4.4 40.0 96.0 Saloon service Universal saloon 1 .4 4.0 100.0 Total 25 11.1 100.0 Radio repairs 1 .4 3.8 3.8 watchIJSER repairs 1 .4 3.8 7.7 computer business center 10 4.4 38.5 46.2 Repair service Electronics repairs 4 1.8 15.4 61.5 Auto repairs 10 4.4 38.5 100.0 Total 26 11.5 100.0 Photography 5 2.2 45.5 45.5 Multimedia video coverage 6 2.7 54.5 100.0 Total 11 4.9 100.0 IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 526 ISSN 2229-5518 Table 9: SERVICE ENTERPRISES CONT ENTERPRISES SERVICE Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Decoration 5 2.2 71.4 71.4 DJ/PA system 1 .4 14.3 85.7 Event management Catering 1 .4 14.3 100.0 Total 7 3.1 100.0 Medical 4 1.8 36.4 36.4 Laboratory Health care clinic IJSER7 3.1 63.6 100.0 Total 11 4.9 100.0 Nursery/primary 6 2.7 75.0 75.0 school Education related secondary school 2 .9 25.0 100.0 service Total 8 3.5 100.0 IJSER © 2020 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 8, August-2020 527 ISSN 2229-5518 FINDINDINGS Findings disclosed that crisis disrupted business operations in Southern Kaduna.