HISPANIA IN LATE ANTIQUITY THE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN IBERIAN WORLD EDITORS Larry J. Simon (Western Michigan University) Isidro J. Rivera (University of Kansas) Donna M. Rogers (Middlebury College) Arie Schippers (University of Amsterdam) Gerard Wiegers (Radboud University Nijmegen) VOLUME 24 HISPANIA IN LATE ANTIQUITY Current Perspectives EDITED AND TRANSLATED BY KIM BOWES AND MICHAEL KULIKOWSKI BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2005 Cover illustration: Centcelles, Mosaic, Head of Good Shepherd (detail). Photo: Kim Bowes. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISSN 1569-1934 ISBN 90 04 14391 2 © Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. 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Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...................................................................... vii Abbreviations .............................................................................. ix Contributors ................................................................................ xi Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Kim Bowes and Michael Kulikowski PART ONE: SPANISH GOVERNMENT AND SPANISH CITIES Introduction to Part 1 “Cities and Government in Late Antique Hispania: Recent Advances and Future Research” ............................ 31 Michael Kulikowski PART TWO: CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCH Introduction to Part 2 “‘Genere Hispanus’: Theodosius, Spain and Nicene Orthodoxy” ............................................................................ 77 Neil McLynn “Heresy and Orthodoxy in Fourth-Century Hispania: Arianism and Priscillianism” ................................................ 121 Victoria Escribano “Angelorum participes: The Cult of the Saints in Late Antique Spain” ...................................................................................... 151 Pedro Castillo Maldonado “‘Un coterie espagnole pieuse’: Christian Archaeology and Christian Communities in Fourth- and Fifth-Century Hispania” ................................................................................ 189 Kim Bowes vi contents PART THREE: SPAIN AND ITS PROVINCIAL NEIGHBORS Introduction to Part 3 “The Cantabrian Basin in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries: From Imperial Province to Periphery” ................................ 265 Pablo C. Díaz and Luís R. Menéndez-Bueyes “Walls in the Urban Landscape of Late Roman Spain: Defense and Imperial Strategy” ............................................ 299 Carmen Fernández-Ochoa and Ángel Morillo “Spain and the African Provinces in Late Antiquity” ............ 341 Javier Arce PART FOUR: TRADE AND THE ECONOMY Introduction to Part 4 “Hispania in the Later Roman Mediterranean: Ceramics and Trade” ............................................................ 369 Paul Reynolds “Coinage, Iconography and the Changing Political Geography of Fifth-Century Hispania” ................................ 487 Fernando López Sánchez “Villas in Hispania during the Fourth and Fifth Centuries” 519 Alexandra Chavarría Arnau Bibliography ................................................................................ 557 Index .......................................................................................... 625 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume began as a conversation between two colleagues, both working on late antique Spain and impressed by the quality of recent work on the subject in the Iberian languages, both staggered at the widespread ignorance of this work in the Anglophone world. It has ended as their attempt to pay back part of their debt to a scholarly world that has made their own work possible. The essays in this vol- ume have been commissioned by the editors from scholars whose work has made an important impact on the field of Spanish late antiquity. Together, they provide a fairly representative cross-section of the innovative work currently being produced on Spanish late antiquity, both in Spain and outside it. The essays, in combination with the comprehensive bibliography at the end of the book, should offer material of interest to scholars working on many different aspects of the late antique Mediterranean. Articles were submitted in the language preferred by the contrib- utor, and all translations are by the editors, working in tandem. The aim, no doubt only intermittently achieved, was to effect the con- sistency of tone sometimes lacking in collective volumes, particularly those translated by many different hands; we make no claim to tech- nical expertise as translators, but hope to have achieved more or less idiomatic English throughout. We would like to thank Julian Deahl and Marcella Mulder at Brill; Larry Simon, the series editor; Humberto Rodríguez for help with the translation of technical archi- tectural terms; the anonymous referees for their many comments and corrections; and most of all, the contributors, whose patience and willingness to revise their original submissions has eased the process of bringing this volume to completion. ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations are used regularly: AE L’année epigraphique CCH Gonzalo Martínez Díez, ed., La colleción canónica Hispana. 5 vols. to date. Madrid, 1965– CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina CICM José Luis Ramírez Sádaba and Pedro Mateos Cruz, Catálogo de las inscripciones cristianas de Mérida. Cuadernos Emeritenses 16. Mérida, 2000 CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CILA Corpus de Inscripciones Latinas de Andalucia CLRE Roger S. Bagnall, Alan Cameron, Seth R. Schwartz, and K.A. Worp, edd., Consuls of the Later Roman Empire. Atlanta, 1987 CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum FHG C. Müller, ed., Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, 1838–1851 GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahr- hunderte HEp. Hispania Epigraphica ICERV José Vives, Inscripciones cristianas de la España romana y visigoda. Barcelona, 1942 ICG E. Le Blant, Inscriptions chrétiennes de la Gaule. 2 vols. Paris, 1856–1865 ICK Les inscriptions funéraires chrétiennes de Carthage, 3 vols. to date IG Inscriptiones Graecae IHC Emil Hübner, ed., Inscriptiones Hispaniae christianae. Berlin, 1871. Supplementum. Berlin, 1901 ILER José Vives, Inscripciones latinas de la España romana. 2 vols. Barcelona, 1971–1972 ILPG Mauricio Pastor Muñoz and Angela Mendoza Eguaras, Inscripciones latinas de la provincia de Granada. Granada, 1987 ILS H. Dessau, ed., Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. 3 vols. Berlin, 1892 IRC Inscriptions romaines de Catalogne, 5 vols. IRG Corpus de Inscricións romanas de Galicia, 4 vols. IRVT Josep Corell, Inscripcions romanes de Valentia i el seu territori. Valencia, 1997 x abbreviations MEC Philip Grierson, et al., edd. Medieval European Coinage. 2 vols. to date. Cambridge, 1986– MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica AA Auctores Antiquissimi LL Leges SRM Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum PL Patrologia Latina PLS Patrologia Latina, Supplementum RIC Roman Imperial Coinage RIT Géza Alföldy, Die römischen Inschriften von Tarraco. Madrider Forschungen 10. 2 volumes. Berlin TED’A Taller Escola d’Arqueologia (Tarragona) CONTRIBUTORS Javier Arce UFR Sciences Historiques Université Charles-de-Gaulle Lille 3 Kim Bowes Department of Art History Fordham University Pedro Castillo Maldonado Facultad de Humanidades, Area de Historia Antigua Universidad de Jáen Alexandra Chavarría Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità Università degli Studi di Padova Pablo C. Díaz Facultad de Geografía y Historia Universidad de Salamanca M. Victoria Escribano Departamento de Ciencias de la Antigüedad, Area de Historia Antigua Universidad de Zaragoza Carmen Fernández-Ochoa Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Michael Kulikowski Department of History University of Tennessee, Knoxville Fernando López-Sánchez Departamento de Ciencias de la Antigüedad, Area de Historia Antigua Universidad de Zaragoza xii contributors Neil McLynn Faculty of Law Keio University Luís R. Menéndez-Bueyes Facultad de Geografía y Historia Universidad de Salamanca Ángel Morillo Cerdán Departamento Estudios Clásicos, Area Arqueológica Universidad de León Paul Reynolds American University in Beirut Department of Archaeology INTRODUCTION Kim Bowes and Michael Kulikowski The historiography of Spanish late antiquity The present volume was conceived in large part to make known to an Anglophone audience the extent and quality of current work on Spanish late antiquity, not least by scholars working in Spain. For much of the twentieth century, Spanish scholarship went largely unread by scholars outside the Iberian peninsula: the best English book on Visigothic Spain was written in complete ignorance of the literature in Iberian languages.1 One must concede that there were at the time good reasons for this state of affairs: Spanish scholarship has followed its own trajectory since the dawn