MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIES VERIFICATION AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF Anolis (SAURIA: POLYCHROTIDAE) IN FLORIDA By BRIAN J. CAMPOSANO A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Brian J. Camposano 2 To all who dedicated time, effort, patience, and advice throughout my graduate career, in order to make this accomplishment a reality 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the chair of my committee, Dr. Steve Johnson, for believing in me throughout this entire process and helping motivating me through some difficult times while conducting this study. I thank the co-chair of my committee and mentor, Dr. Kenneth Krysko, for the countless hours of scientific and editorial assistance provided throughout my time as a graduate student. I thank the other members of my committee, Drs. Todd Campbell and Jeffrey Hill, for their valuable insight, guidance, and editorial comments enabling me to finish my study. I thank Dr. Kent Vliet, for providing me with a job throughout a significant portion of my graduate career and helping to develop my teaching skills. I thank the University of Florida College of Agriculture and Life Sciences statistical department for advice and guidance on the methodologies and interpretations of my data. I also thank my parents, family and friends who encouraged and supported me throughout this entire process. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................7 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................12 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...........................................................................................21 Specimens ...............................................................................................................................21 Morphological Characters and Counts ...................................................................................21 Statistical Analyses .................................................................................................................24 3 RESULTS ...............................................................................................................................36 Meristic Data Comparisons ....................................................................................................36 Morphometric Data Comparisons ...........................................................................................40 Anolis carolinensis and Anolis porcatus.................................................................................42 A Key to the Anoles of Florida ...............................................................................................45 4 DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................................80 Informative Meristic Characters .............................................................................................81 Morphometric Characters .......................................................................................................83 Anolis carolinensis and Anolis porcatus.................................................................................86 Phenotypic Plasticity and Gene Flow .....................................................................................90 5 SPECIES ACCOUNTS ..........................................................................................................92 6 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................113 APPENDIX A Anolis SPECIMENS MORPHOLOGICALLY EXAMINED FOR KEY VERIFICATION ..................................................................................................................115 B Anolis SPECIMENS GEO-REFERENCED .........................................................................117 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................123 5 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................131 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Collection locality of Anolis specimens .............................................................................29 2-2 Morphological characters for overall analysis ...................................................................30 2-3 Collection locality of additional Anolis specimens ............................................................31 2-4 Additional morphological characters used .........................................................................31 3-1 Interspecific variation of meristic characters .....................................................................47 3-2 Descriptive statistics for significant characters ..................................................................48 3-3 Significant characters in overall DFA................................................................................50 3-4 Mean response for morphometric features ........................................................................51 3-5 Axilla-groin distance and head length comparisons ..........................................................52 3-6 Head width and internarial distance comparisons .............................................................53 3-7 Ear-eye distance and naris-rostrum distance comparisons ................................................54 3-8 Snout length and tibia length comparisons ........................................................................55 3-9 Significant characters for female A. carolinensis and A. porcatus ....................................56 3-10 Significant characters for male A. carolinensis and A. porcatus .......................................56 3-11 Combinations of characters used for logistic regression ...................................................57 3-12 Model test results for female A. carolinensis and A. porcatus ..........................................58 3-13 Model test results for male A. carolinensis and A. porcatus .............................................58 3-14 Predictor coefficients for female A. carolinensis and A. porcatus ....................................58 3-15 Predictor coefficients for male A. carolinensis and A. porcatus........................................58 3-16 Model prediction values for unknown Anolis specimens ..................................................59 3-17 Significant characters for female A. carolinensis and A. porcatus DFA ...........................61 3-18 Significant characters for male A. carolinensis and A. porcatus DFA ..............................61 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Anolis sub-digital lamellae characteristics. ........................................................................32 2-2 Anolis side of head characteristics .....................................................................................33 2-3 Anolis top of head characteristics. .....................................................................................34 2-4 Anolis ventral scale characteristics. ...................................................................................35 3-1 Expanded sub-digital lamellae numbering 15 to 24. .........................................................62 3-2 Expanded sub-digital lamellae numbering 14 or less. .......................................................63 3-3 Separation of interparietal and supra-orbital scales by at least one scale. .........................64 3-4 Interparietal and supra-orbital scales in contact. ................................................................65 3-5 Longitudinal ventral scales numbering 52 to 70. ...............................................................66 3-6 Longitudinal ventral scales numbering 30 to 49. ...............................................................67 3-7 Supra-orbital scales separated by two or more scales. .......................................................68 3-8 Supra-orbital scales separated by zero or one scale. ..........................................................69 3-9 Small, round and keeled dorsal scales. ..............................................................................70 3-10 Large, flat and smooth dorsal scales. .................................................................................71 3-11 Uniform mid-dorsal scales. ................................................................................................72 3-12 Expanded mid-dorsal scales. ..............................................................................................73 3-13 Multicarinate supra-ocular scales. .....................................................................................74 3-14 Singly keeled supra-ocular scales. .....................................................................................75