ES_CWR_30-11 30/11/10 14:32 Page i Crop Wild Relatives ES_CWR_30-11 30/11/10 14:32 Page ii Issues in Agricultural Biodiversity This series of books is published by Earthscan in association with Bioversity International.The aim of the series is to review the current state of knowledge in topical issues in agricultural biodiversity, to identify gaps in our knowledge base, to synthesize lessons learned and to propose future research and development actions.The overall objective is to increase the sustainable use of biodiversity in improving people’s well-being and food and nutrition security.The series’ scope is all aspects of agricultural biodiversity, ranging from conservation biology of genetic resources through social sciences to policy and legal aspects. It also covers the fields of research, education, communication and coordination, information management and knowledge sharing. Published Titles: Crop Wild Relatives: A Manual of in situ Conservation Edited by Danny Hunter and Vernon Heywood The Economics of Managing Crop Diversity On-farm: Case Studies from the Genetic Resources Policy Initiative Edited by Edilegnaw Wale, Adam G. Drucker and Kerstin K. Zander Forthcoming in 2011: Plant Genetic Resources and Food Security Stakeholder Perspectives on the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Edited by Christine Frison, Francisco López and José T.Esquinas Farmers’ Crop Varieties and Farmers’ Rights: Challenges in Taxonomy and Law Edited by Michael Halewood Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons: Challenges in International Law and Governance Edited by Michael Halewood, Isabel López Noriega and Selim Louafi ES_CWR_30-11 30/11/10 14:32 Page iii Crop Wild Relatives A Manual of in situ Conservation Edited by Danny Hunter and Vernon Heywood London • Washington, DC ES_CWR_30-11 2/12/10 10:54 Page iv First published in 2011 by Earthscan For a full list of Earthscan publications please contact: Earthscan 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA Earthscan is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © Bioversity International, 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices: Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crop wild relatives : a manual of in situ conservation / edited by Danny Hunter and Vernon Heywood. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84971-178-4 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-84971-179-1 (pbk.) 1. Crops–Germplasm resources. 2. Germplasm resources, Plant. 3. Genetic resources conservation. I. Hunter, Danny. II. Heywood,V. H. (Vernon Hilton), 1927- SB123.3.C769 2010 333.95'3416–dc22 2010023826 ISBN-13: 978-1-84971-178-4 (hbk) ISBN-13: 978-1-84971-179-1 (pbk) Typeset by MapSet Ltd, Gateshead, UK Cover design by Adam Bohannon ES_CWR_30-11 30/11/10 14:32 Page v Contents Acknowledgements and contributors vii Foreword xvii Preface xix List of acronyms and abbreviations xxiii Part I: Introduction 1 Introductory and background material 3 2 Crop wild relatives in the project countries 31 3 What do we mean by in situ conservation of CWR? 47 Part II: Conservation Planning 4 Planning for CWR conservation and partnership building 71 5 Participatory approaches for CWR in situ conservation 87 6 Developing national CWR strategies and action plans 109 7 Selection and prioritization of species/populations and areas 129 8 Establishing an information baseline: Ecogeographic surveying 169 Part III: Conservation Actions 9 Protected areas and CWR conservation 211 10 Species and population management/recovery plans 231 11 Conservation strategies for species/populations occurring outside protected areas 253 12 Complementary conservation actions 275 13 Monitoring of areas and species/populations to assess effectiveness of conservation/management actions 295 ES_CWR_30-11 2/12/10 10:46 Page vi vi Crop Wild Relatives Part IV: Other Major Issues 14 Adapting to global change 317 15 Capacity building 335 16 Communication, public awareness and outreach 355 Annexes I CWR species for which field data were collected in Bolivia during 2006–2009, by institution 377 II Monitoring plan for cereal crop wild relatives in Erebuni State Reserve 383 III Management plan for Amygdalus bucharica in the Chatkal Biosphere State Reserve, Uzbekistan 387 Index of organisms 393 General index 399 ES_CWR_30-11 30/11/10 14:32 Page vii Acknowledgements and Contributors This book is the result of the combined efforts of many people who were closely involved with the UNEP/GEF Crop Wild Relatives Project since its beginning in 2004. It has involved significant contributions from individuals representing national and international organizations who collaborated closely with the project. Their dedication and commitment to the implementation of the project and the realization of this manual is gratefully recognized and appreciated. Editors The compilers and editors of the book were: Danny Hunter, senior scientist and global project coordinator of the UNEP/GEF Crop Wild Relatives Project, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy Vernon Heywood, Professor Emeritus, Centre for Plant Diversity and Systematics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom Chapter authors Danny Hunter was the lead author for Chapters 4, 5, 15 and 16;Vernon Heywood was the lead author for Chapters 1–3, 6–11, 13 and 14; Ehsan Dulloo was the lead author for Chapter 12. The editors would like to thank the following chapter co-authors for their contri- butions to the chapters indicated: Per G. Rudebjer, scientist, education and capacity development, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy (co-author, Chapter 15) Elizabeth Goldberg, head, capacity development unit, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy (co-author, Chapter 15) Ruth Raymond, head, public awareness unit, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy (co-author, Chapter 16) ES_CWR_30-11 30/11/10 14:32 Page viii viii Crop Wild Relatives Ehsan Dulloo, senior scientist, agricultural biodiversity conservation, under- standing and managing biodiversity programme, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy (contributor to Chapter 8) Many individuals have contributed boxes, tables and illustrations which, where possible, are clearly acknowledged in the text in the appropriate place. In particu- lar, the book has benefited considerably from the dedication and contributions of the national project coordinators responsible for the implementation of project activities in the five participating countries: Armen Danielyan, national project coordinator, Crop Wild Relatives Project, Yerevan, Armenia Jeannot Ramelison, national project coordinator, Crop Wild Relatives Project, Centre National de la Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural – FOFIFA, Antananarivo, Madagascar Beatriz Zapata Ferrufino, national project coordinator, Crop Wild Relatives Project, Ministry for the Environment and Water,Vice-Ministry for Environment, Biodiversity and Climate Change, La Paz, Bolivia Anura Wijesekara, national project coordinator, Crop Wild Relatives Project, Horticulture Crops Development and Research Institute, Peredeniya, Sri Lanka Sativaldi Djataev, national project coordinator, Crop Wild Relatives Project, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences, Republic of Uzbekistan,Tashkent, Uzbekistan Figure A.1 The national project coordinators for the Crop Wild Relatives Project from left to right, Armen Danielyan, Jeannot Ramelison, Beatriz Zapata Ferrufino, Anura Wijesekara and Sativaldi Djataev Source: Sativaldi Djataev ES_CWR_30-11 30/11/10 14:32 Page ix Acknowledgements and Contributors ix Case study and other contributors Teresa Borelli, Bioversity International, Italy;Vololoniaina Jeannoda, University of Antananarivo, Madagasacar; Tianjanahary Randriamboavonjy, RBG Kew, Antananarivo Madagascar, R.S.S. Ratnayake, Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka; Bhuwon Sthapit, Bioversity International, India; Feruza Mustafina and Gulayim Reimova, UNEP/GEF CWR Project, Uzbekistan; Naire Yeritsyan, UNEP/GEF CWR Project, Armenia; Janna Akopian, Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences, Armenia; Siranush Muradyan, Bioresources Management Agency of the Ministry of Nature Protection, Armenia; Wendy Leslie Tejeda Perez, CWR Bolivia Project Assistant, Bolivia; Saul Cuellar from FAN-Bolivia. The contributions of the following individuals, researchers, national executing agency and national partner organizations to the successful outcomes of the UNEP/GEF Crop Wild Relatives Project are gratefully acknowledged, some of which are captured in this manual. Armenia Siranush Muradyan, Ministry