Corinth in Context Supplements to Novum Testamentum Executive Editors M. M. Mitchell Chicago D. P. Moessner Dubuque Editorial Board L. Alexander, Sheffield – C. Breytenbach, Berlin J. K. Elliott, Leeds – C. R. Holladay, Atlanta M. J. J. Menken, Tilburg – J. Smit Sibinga, Amsterdam J. C. Thom, Stellenbosch – P. Trebilco, Dunedin VOLUME 134 Corinth in Context Comparative Studies on Religion and Society Edited by Steven J. Friesen, Daniel N. Schowalter, and James C. Walters LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Cover illustration: Corinth, with Acrocorinth in the background. Photo by Larry Cripe. Th is book is also published as hardback in the series Supplements to Novum Testamentum, ISSN 0167-9732 / edited by Steven Friesen, Dan Schowalter, and James Walters. 2010. ISBN 978 90 04 18197 7 Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. ISBN 978 90 04 18211 0 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. 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Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS List of Illustrations ............................................................................ vii Acknowledgments .............................................................................. xvii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................... xix List of Contributors ........................................................................... xxv I. Introduction: Context, Comparison ...................................... 1 Steven J. Friesen IMPERIALS: GREEK & ROMAN II. Th e Social and Ethnic Origins of the Colonists in Early Roman Corinth ............................................................... 13 Benjamin W. Millis III. Asklepios in Greek and Roman Corinth .............................. 37 Bronwen L. Wickkiser IV. Th e Emperor in a Roman Town: the Base of the Augustales in the Forum at Corinth ..................................... 67 Margaret L. Laird V. Greek Heritage in Roman Corinth and Ephesos: Hybrid Identities and Strategies of Display in the Material Record of Traditional Mediterranean Religions ................. 117 Christine M. Th omas SOCIAL STRATA VI. Image and Cult: Th e Coinage of Roman Corinth .............. 151 Mary E. Hoskins Walbank VII. Ceres, Κόρη, and Cultural Complexity: Divine Personality Defi nitions and Human Worshippers in Roman Corinth ....................................................................................... 199 Jorunn Økland vi contents VIII. Th e Wrong Erastus: Ideology, Archaeology, and Exegesis ..................................................................................... 231 Steven J. Friesen IX. Where Have all the Names Gone? Th e Christian Community in Corinth in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Eras ......................................................................... 257 Michael B. Walbank Appendix: Th e Corinthian Census ...................................... 297 LOCAL RELIGION X. Seeking Shelter in Roman Corinth: Archaeology and the Placement of Paul’s Communities ................................ 327 Daniel N. Schowalter XI. Paul and the Politics of Meals in Roman Corinth ............ 343 James C. Walters XII. Th e Sacred Spring: Landscape and Traditions ................... 365 Guy D. R. Sanders XIII. Religion and Society at Roman Kenchreai ......................... 391 Joseph L. Rife XIV. Religion and Society in the Roman Eastern Corinthia .... 433 Timothy E. Gregory Bibliography ........................................................................................ 477 Index .................................................................................................... 511 Maps ..................................................................................................... 515 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS All images and plans of Corinth are reproduced courtesy of the Trustees of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Chapter Three Fig. 3.1. Restored plan of the early Asklepios sanctuary. (Roebuck 1951, fi g. 2) .................................................................... 42 Fig. 3.2. Anatomical votives from the Asklepieion. Photo by Brent Nongbri ................................................................................. 44 Fig. 3.3. Restoration of the Hellenistic Asklepieion. (Roebuck 1951, Plan B) ................................................................................... 48 Fig. 3.4. Restoration of the Hellenistic Asklepieion, with water system. (Roebuck 1951, Plan C) .................................................. 49 Fig. 3.5. Plan of the Th eater-Asklepieion complex at Butrint in the Hellenistic period. (Wilkes 2003, fi g. 6.11) Courtesy of the Boutrint Foundation ............................................................... 64 Chapter Four Fig. 4.1. View of the Forum at Corinth, from the east; the Base of the Augustales is indicated by the arrow ............................... 68 Fig. 4.2. Th e Base of the Augustales, from the south. Photo by author ............................................................................................... 69 Fig. 4.3. State and restoration drawing of the Base of the Augustales from the side and from above. (Scranton 1951, fi g. 69) ............................................................................................... 77 Fig. 4.4. Th e Base of the Augustales, detail of the inscription on the marble drum. Photo by author ....................................... 79 Fig. 4.5. Th e Base of the Augustales from the west, showing the cuttings on the upper surface of the marble drum ........... 80 Fig. 4.6. Th e southwest corner of the Base of the Augustales, showing the corner of the bench and a fragment of the marble paving of the Forum in situ against the western side. Photo by author .............................................................................. 86 viii list of illustrations Fig. 4.7. Th e Forum at Corinth in the mid-fi rst century ce, with dashed line indicating the east-west axis of the Base of the Augustales (a) ............................................................. 87 Fig. 4.8. Th e Base of the Augustales seen from the west, with the remains of the Julian Basilica beyond. Photo by author .............................................................................................. 90 Fig. 4.9. Th e Base of the Augustales seen from the east, with the remains of Temples D, E, F, G, and the Fountain of Poseidon beyond. Photo by author ............................................. 92 Fig. 4.10. Reconstruction drawing of the monument of the Augustales. Illustration by author ................................................ 94 Fig. 4.11. Th e Stepped Base in the Forum at Corinth .................. 98 Fig. 4.12. Th e Composite Circle Base in the Forum at Corinth 99 Fig. 4.13. Plan of the area of the Forum ca 200 bce, showing the Hellenistic racecourse with statue bases to the north and south, the future location of the Base of the Augustales (a) and the Circular Monument (b) ....................... 101 Fig. 4.14. Th e Circular Monument, from the northeast. Photo by author .......................................................................................... 104 Fig. 4.15. Plan and reconstructed elevation of the Circular Monument. (aft er Scranton 1951, Plan E) ................................. 105 Fig. 4.16. Th e Base of the Augustales from the northwest, with the Circular Monument beyond. Photo by author .................. 106 Fig. 4.17. Acrocorinth framed by the Circular Monument and the Base of the Augustales, as viewed from the north east corner of the Forum. Photo by author ....................................... 107 Fig. 4.18. Victory monument of Attalos I rededicated to Augustus, in the Sanctuary of Athena Polias Nikephoros at Pergamon. (Aft er Stucchi 1984, fi g. 9) ....................................... 109 Fig. 4.19. Worn western tread of the Base of the Augustales. Photo by author .............................................................................. 113 Fig. 4.20. Board for the game of mola on the eastern tread of the Base of the Augustales. Photo by author ............................. 115 Chapter Five Fig. 5.1. Plan: Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore, Roman period ............................................................................................... 122 list of illustrations ix Fig. 5.2. Statue of Livia found in Basilike Stoa in Ephesos. Courtesy of the Efes Museum, Selçuk, Turkey. Photo by author ............................................................................................... 130 Fig. 5.3. Plan of Ephesos, from Peter Scherrer et al. 1995 .......... 135 Chapter Six Fig. 6.1. A. Obv. Head of Julius Caesar: rev. Bellerophon on Pegasus, 44–43 bce. B. Obv. Bellerophon leading Pegasus: rev. Seated archaic-style Poseidon, 43–42 bce. C. Obv. Laureate head of Zeus: rev. Athena holding a shield and thunderbolt, 42–41 bce. D. Obv. Head of Kronos: rev. Dionysus holding