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Community Effects of Law Enforcement Countermeasures against Organized Crime A Retrospective Analysis by Thomas Gabor, Ph.D. and John Kiedrowski, M.A. and Victoria Sytsma, M.C.A. and Ron Melchers, Ph.D. and Carlo Morselli, Ph.D. Compliance Strategy Group Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Prepared for Research and National Coordination Organized Crime Division Law Enforcement and Policing Branch Public Safety Canada The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Public Safety Canada, Statistics Canada or the Government of Canada. Report No. 006, 2010 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2010 Cat. No.: PS4-93/2010E-PDF ISBN No.: 978-1-100-19936-8 Table of Contents Executive Summary..……………………………………………………………….……...vi Acknowledgments..……………………………………………………………….……....xii 1. Background ................................................................................................................... 1 2. Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 3 3. Defining Police Countermeasures................................................................................. 4 4. Defining Organized Crime ............................................................................................ 8 5. Approach ..................................................................................................................... 10 5.1. Identification of Police Countermeasures ........................................................... 12 5.2. Review of the Literature ..................................................................................... 15 5.3. Statistics Canada Data......................................................................................... 15 5.4. Description of Data Sources: UCR and GSS ...................................................... 16 5.4.1. Variables from the UCR ............................................................................. 18 5.4.2. Variables from the GSS .............................................................................. 19 5.5. Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 20 5.5.1. Limitations of the Data ............................................................................... 20 5.6. Content Analysis ................................................................................................. 22 6. Previous Evaluations of Law-enforcement countermeasures ..................................... 23 6.1. Criteria for the Inclusion of Studies .................................................................... 23 6.2. The Search Strategy ............................................................................................ 25 7. The Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Operations Against Organized Crime ......... 25 7.1. Canadian Law Enforcement Operations ............................................................. 26 7.1.1. International Cocaine Importing Network .................................................. 26 ii 7.1.2. Operation Against an International Cocaine Cartel .................................... 27 7.1.3. Project Outstay ............................................................................................ 27 7.1.4. Project Metrotown ...................................................................................... 27 7.1.5. Project Infiltrate .......................................................................................... 29 7.1.6. Project Tandem ........................................................................................... 30 7.1.7. Operation SHARQC ................................................................................... 30 7.1.8. Project KLIU ............................................................................................... 30 7.1.9. Operation SHADOW .................................................................................. 31 7.2. International Evidence on a Law Enforcement/Supply-Side Approach to Drug- Related Crime ..................................................................................................................... 31 7.3. Effects of Varied Police Operations on Drug Trafficking and Crime ................ 34 7.4. Some Adverse Effects of Law-Enforcement Countermeasures Directed Against OC………………. .............................................................................................................. 38 7.5. Summary ............................................................................................................. 41 8. Effects of Selected Police Countermeasures............................................................... 43 8.1. Operation Springtime 2001 ( Opération Printemps 2001) .................................. 44 8.1.1. Overview of the Operation.......................................................................... 44 8.1.2. Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 45 8.1.3. Data from the Montreal Urban Police ......................................................... 49 8.1.4. Content Analysis ......................................................................................... 50 8.1.5. Summary ..................................................................................................... 58 8.2. Project Kachou, Project Katalyst and Project Kold ............................................ 59 8.2.1. Overview of Projects................................................................................... 59 8.2.2. Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 60 iii 8.2.3. Content Analysis ......................................................................................... 63 8.2.4. Summary ..................................................................................................... 67 8.3. Operation Northern Snow ................................................................................... 67 8.3.1. Overview of the Project .............................................................................. 67 8.3.2. Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 68 8.3.3. Content Analysis ......................................................................................... 71 8.3.4. Summary ..................................................................................................... 79 8.4. Project Eider, Project E-Perhaps and Project E-Page ......................................... 79 8.4.1. Overview of Projects................................................................................... 79 8.4.2. Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 80 8.4.3. Content Analysis ......................................................................................... 85 8.4.4. Summary ..................................................................................................... 85 8.5. Project OsaDa II .................................................................................................. 86 8.5.1. Overview of Project .................................................................................... 86 8.5.2. Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 86 8.5.3. Content Analysis ......................................................................................... 89 8.5.4. Summary ..................................................................................................... 91 8.6. Operation Synergy .............................................................................................. 91 8.6.1. Overview of the Project .............................................................................. 91 8.6.2. Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 92 8.6.3. Content Analysis ........................................................................................