THE ENLIGHTENMENT and Philadelphia’s Eighteenth-Century Taverns MEASURING IDEAS: The Political Segregation of German Prisoners of War in America, 1943-1946 FEEDING FEARS: Standards of American Motherhood in Baby Food Advertisements, 1930 -1960 AMERICAN ZEN: How Ceramic Craft Becomes Art in the West CATCHING UP WITH THE VIETNAM ANTIWAR MOVEMENT: Evaluations of a Dissident Society in Motion CULTURE, STONE AND TECHNOLOGY: The Nighthorse Campbell Native Health Building University Colorado of Denver Historical Studies Journal Historical Studies Journal Spring 2009 .Volume 26 Spring 2009Spring . Vol. 26 EDITORS: Evelyn Rae Stool Waldron Lance Westfall EDITORIAL STAFF: Daniel Knowles, Graduate Student Christopher Hubble, Graduate Student Pam Milovek, Graduate Student Jennifer Provizer, Graduate Student Rebecca A. Hunt, Ph.D., Faculty Advisor Thomas J. Noel, Ph.D., Faculty Advisor DESIGNER: Shannon Fluckey Clicks! Copy & Printing Services Auraria Campus Historical Studies Journal Spring 2009 .Volume 26 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY University of Colorado Denver Myra Rich, Ph.D., Department Chair Rebecca A. Hunt, Ph.D. U. S. Colonial, U. S. Early National, American West, Gender, Museum Women and Gender, Immigration Studies, Public History History Pamela Laird, Ph.D. Christopher Agee, Ph.D. U. S. Social, Intellectual, Technology, 20th Century U. S. History, Urban Public History, Business History, Social Movement History, History of Crime and Policing Marjorie Levine-Clark, Ph.D. Modern Britain, European Women Frederick S. Allen, Ph.D., Emeritus and Gender, Medicine and Health Modern Western Europe, France, Germany Thomas J. Noel, Ph.D. American West, Art & Architecture, Thomas Andrews, Ph.D. Public History & Preservation 19th and 20th Century U. S. History, Environment, Labor, Urban, Native Carl Pletsch, Ph.D. American, U. S. West, and History Intellectual History (European and Education American), Modern Europe Mary Conroy, Ph.D., Emeritus Alison Shah, Ph.D. Russia, U. S. S. R. South Asia, Islamic World, History and Heritage, Cultural Memory Michael T. Ducey, Ph.D. Mexico, Modern Latin America, Richard Smith, Ph.D. U. S. Southwest Ancient, Medieval, Early Modern Europe, Britain James E. Fell, Jr., Ph.D. American West, Civil War, Chris Sundberg, M.A. Environmental, Film History Africa and History Education Gabriel Finkelstein, Ph.D. James Walsh, M.A. Modern Europe, Germany, History Immigration, U. S. Labor, of Science, Exploration Irish-American Mark Foster, Ph.D., Emeritus James B. Whiteside, Ph.D. 19th and 20th Century U. S. History, Recent U. S., Vietnam War, U. S. U. S. Social and Intellectual, U. S. Diplomatic, Sports History Urban and Business History Greg Whitesides, Ph.D. Marilynn Hitchens, Ph.D. History of Science, Modern U. S., Asia Modern Europe, World History James B. Wolf, Ph.D., Emeritus Xiaojia Hou, Ph.D. British Isles, British Empire, Ireland, China, East Asia Modern Africa Table of Contents Preface ..............................................................................................................v THE ENLIGHTENMENT and Philadelphia’s Eighteenth-Century Taverns ...........................................1 Shannon Sharkey MEASURING IDEAS: The Political Segregation of German Prisoners of War in America, 1943-1946 ..............................................................15 Andrew Streeb FEEDING FEARS: Standards of American Motherhood in Baby Food Advertisements, 1930 -1960 .................................................... 31 Kathleen Barlow AMERICAN ZEN: How Ceramic Craft Becomes Art in the West ........................................... 45 Sam Smith CATCHING UP WITH THE VIETNAM ANTIWAR MOVEMENT: Evaluations of a Dissident Society in Motion ..................................................... 59 Daniel Knowles CULTURE, STONE AND TECHNOLOGY: The Nighthorse Campbell Native Health Building ...................................... 75 Dana EchoHawk Notes ...............................................................................................................85 Bibliographies................................................................................................. 99 Preface Historians ask questions, seek answers, and then interpret the answers. History has been challenged over time to be relevant in its teachings and fair in its analysis. The responsibility of the historian is to distinguish fact from fiction. We learn from historian Richard J. Evans that, History is an empirical discipline, and it is concerned with the content of knowledge rather than its nature. Through the sources we use, and the methods with which we handle them, we can, if we are very careful and thorough, approach to a reconstruction of past reality that may be partial and provisional, and certainly will not be neutral, but is nevertheless true.1 Every generation of historians will be challenged to find their way through the theories of previous historians. Historians must learn the methods of their teachers and then make them relevant to their course of study. The History Department at the University of Colorado Denver challenges students to do just that. Students are privileged to conduct their own research and find their way with the guidance of experienced faculty. This is the twenty-sixth annual publication of the Historical Studies Journal; the opportunities and experience provided to authors and staff is invaluable. The authors represented in this volume of the Historical Studies Journal are examples of the richness and diversity of the History Department program. Our authors explore the period of enlightenment in Philadelphia’s Eighteenth Century taverns and German Prisoners of War in WWII America, the role of advertising in the introduction and production of baby food and the development of ceramic art in the West. And, finally an updated study of the Viet Nam Antiwar movement and the incorporation of Native American culture in the Ben Nighthorse Campbell building on the new Health Sciences campus are explored. On behalf of the editorial staff, we would like to thank the University of Colorado Denver History Department faculty for their continued support of the Historical Studies Journal. Thank you to Dr. Rebecca Hunt for your encouragement and guidance, and Dr. Thomas Noel for reading page proofs and cheerful support. A very special thank you to Sue Sethney, without whom this and many previous Journal publications would have suffered, we will be poorer without you but are richer for having known you. Thank you to Shannon Fluckey at Clicks! Copy & Printing Services who lends her vision and creativity to the design of the Journal. We want to add a special appreciation to the authors and our fellow student editors who worked to write and refine the manuscripts. Thank you from all of us who have had the opportunity to participate. EVELYN RAE STOOL WALDRON LANCE WESTFALL Editors v The Enlightenment and Philadelphia’s Eighteenth-Century Taverns Shannon Sharkey Philadelphia was a welcome site. Nineteen days after leaving Boston, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Thomas Cushing, and Robert Treat Paine were ready to freshen up. Rather than retire to their lodgings, however, Adams recalled that, “dirty, dusty and fatigued as we were, we could not resist the Importunity, to go the Tavern, the most genteel one in America. There we were introduced to a Number of other Gentlemen of the City—Dr. Shippen, Dr. Knox, Mr. Smith, and a Multitude of others, and to Mr. Linch [sic] and Mr. Gadsden of South Carolina.”1 Over the next few days, Adams met more prominent men at this same tavern. Thomas Lynch, “a solid, firm, judicious Man,” was also a gossip.2 Lynch dealt the juicy details of, “the Scandalous History of Sir Egerton Leigh—the Story of his Wifes Sister, and of his Dodging his Uncle,” much to Adams’s delight.3 Adams was also impressed by Virginian Benjamin Harrison, who proclaimed he would have walked to Philadelphia if that were the only way.4 South Carolina’s Edward Rutledge seemed “good natured, tho conceited,” Above: City Tavern, Philadelphia — About 1800, where many of the Convention delegates stayed Constitution Society, http://www.constitution.org/cs_image.htm Shannon Sharkey is a graduate student; her major field is Early American History and her minor is Intellectual History. She wrote her paper for Dr. Carl Pletsch in Spring of 2008 for the Enlightenment Seminar. She plans to expand on the tavern as an institution in the public sphere for her thesis. Maryland’s Thomas Johnson had “a clear and cool Head,” and Delaware’s Caesar Rodney was “the oddest looking Man in the World. He is tall—thin and slender as a reed—pale—his face is not bigger than a large Apple. Yet there is Sense and Fire, Spirit, Wit and Humor in his Countenance.”5 These men, along with many others, would form an intimate circle in the upcoming weeks. They were the delegates to the First Continental Congress. They were dining companions in Philadelphia’s City Tavern. In September and October of 1774, the City Tavern “was not long in becoming the favorite rendezvous of those men who founded our government,” but was only one of many taverns in Philadelphia that acted as an institution of the public sphere and nurtured Enlightenment discourse.6 Many ideals now associated with that intellectual and social movement—economic advancement, rational inquiry, cosmopolitanism, and republicanism—climaxed and prospered in Philadelphia, rather than in New York City, Boston, or Charleston. Philadelphia taverns were manifestations of the Enlightenment in America, so much so that