Archaeological Overview Assessment of the Squamish Forest District TECHNICAL REPORT Submitted to: The Ministry ofForests, Squamish Forest District and Archaeology Branch, Ministry ofSmall Business, Tourism and Culture (pennits 1997-85, 1997-112, 1997-119) In-SHUCK-chIN'Quat'qua Li}'wat Nation Musqueam Band Sto:lo Nation Canada Squamish Nation (pennit 1996-12) Tseil-Waututh First Nation by: Millennia Research Ltd. #204-10114 McDonald Park Road, North Saanich, B.C. V8L 5X8 Telephone: (250) 656-0450 Fax: (250) 656-0453 July 30, 1997 Project Credits Supervisor Morley Eldridge Director Tanja Hoffmann Report Authors Tanja Hoffmann Morley Eldridge Rob Vincent Jennifer Lindberg Tina Christensen David O'Regan AlexMaas First Nations Liaison Tanja Hoffmann D'AnnOwens GIS Modelling Steve Lipscomb Sean Whitford Timberline Forest Inventory Consultants Ltd Morley Eldridge Trail Research RobDiaz Tad MacIlwraith Meredith Bogle Traditions Consulting Services Inc. Editing Morley Eldridge Tanja Hoffmann Rod Istace Kat Roberts Peter Dady AlexMaas Field Crew Tanja Hoffmann, David O'Regan, Tina Christensen, Kat Roberts and Peter Dady Millennia Research Amelia, Alan Jr, Des, John Sam, John James, Charles, Deb Morice DePoli, Doug Hudson and all other participants from In­ SHUCK-ch Johnnie Abraham, Elmer Dan, Johnny Jones, and Sue Montgomery for Lil'wat Naiton Rudy Riemer for Squamish Nation Final Report Squamish Forest DistrictADA Millennia Research 2 July 3D, 1997 Acknowledgements A project ofthis size and scope involves the time and commitment ofa great many people. First and foremost we must thank Diane Reed ofthe Squamish Forest District, Ministry ofForests for her dedication to this project and the patience she exhibited at all stages ofthe AOA. We must also thank those First Nations who welcomed Tanja to their territories and treated me with so much respect and kindness. We wish to thank Johnny Jones ofthe LiI'wat Nation for his friendship, guidance and understanding and Elmer Dan and Johnnie Abraham for their in-field expertise and patience. In addition we would like to acknowledge the guidance and support we received from Lyle Leo, Grace Prasad, Sue Montgomery, and the Lil'wat Forestry office staffduring my time in the Lil'wat community. Sara Brown and Shannon Squire are also deserving ofthanks for their warm hospitality during Tanja's trips to the Pemberton area. Heather Myles ofSto:lo Nation Canada has provided valuable comments and suggestions throughout the course ofthe last year. Thank you Heather! We must also thank Tony Moody, Randal Louis and the Squamish Nation for their understanding and patience. Thanks is extended to Rudy Reimer for his excellent field work. In addition, Arnoud Stryd, at meetings with the Squamish Nation, provided much appreciated guidance regarding the application ofthe archaeological potential model in the Squamish Nation territory. Leona Sparrow ofthe Musqueam graciously provided her comments and suggestions for the project. The staff at the In-SHUCK-chlN'Quat'qua welcomed Tanja into their midst and deserve special thanks. In particular, Collete Hogue, treaty analyst for In-SHUCK­ chlN'Quat'qua and Doug Hudson, anthropologist, gave oftheir time and expertise which has been greatly appreciated. Thanks must also go to the people ofSkookumchuck and Baptiste Smith for welcoming our crew. Dez, John Sam, John James, Amelia, Allan Jr., and all the other participants deserve special thanks for provding us with a great deal ofhelp in the field. Special thanks must go to Steve Lipscomb and Sean Whitford at Timberline for their patience and guidance throughout this project. We credit much ofthe success ofthis project to their hard work and dedication. Doug Glaum at the Archaeology Branch provided a great deal ofmuch needed advice and throughout the course ofthis project has exhibited patience and fortitude in the face ofmy never-ending stream ofquestions. Thank you Doug. Trail research for the Squamish AOA was done by Rob Diaz and Tad MacIlwraith ofTraditions Consulting Services Inc. with the assistance ofMeredith Bogle. Thanks is extended to them for their assistance and hard work. In addition John Spittle ofNorth Final Report Squamish Forest District ADA Millennia Research 3 July 30, 1997 Vancouver spent an afternoon ofhis time discussing trails with me and provided some very interesting information for the AOA. Thank you Mr. Spittle. Finally, I (Tanja) must thank the staffat Millennia Research for putting up with my occasionally incoherent rumblings and surplus energy. Morley Eldridge provided overall guidance, support and technical expertise for the project; thank you Morley! Appreciation and thanks must be extended to the members ofMillennia staffwho contributed to this report, they include: D'Ann Owens, David O'Regan, Kat Roberts, Tina Christensen, Jennifer Lindberg, Peter Dady and Rob Vmcent. In addition, special thanks goes to Rod Istace and Alex Maas for their editing assistance and to Donna Eckert for keeping all ofour lives in order. Final Report Squamish Forest District AOA Millennia Research 4 July 30, J997 Management Summary In January of 1996 Millennia Research was contracted to conduct an Archaeological Overview Assessment (AOA) ofthe Squamish Forest District (Archaeology Branch Permits 1997-085, 1997-112, 1997-119; Squamish Nation Permit 1996-12). In conjunction with Timberline Forestry Consultants, Millennia produced a model and a series of I:20,000 scale potential maps which delineate areas ofarchaeological potential within the boundaries ofthe Squamish Forest District. The model used to produce the potential polygons for each site type (habitation, rock art, sub-alpine camp and culturally modified tree [CMT]) was based upon sets of variables which were determined to be consistent for a particular site type (i.e. habitation sites are likely to be located close to water on a relatively flat piece ofland etc.). All variables for each site-type model were loaded into the GIS and, using TRIM data, topographic and elevation information, the GIS produced maps which detail polygons of high and moderate potential. Low potential areas are considered to be all those not differentiated as moderate or high. Following the application ofthe original model, base-line data in the form of recorded (at the Archaeology Branch) and known (to the First Nations) sites were used to test the model. Initial analysis revealed that a majority ofthe recorded and known sites were not being caught in archaeological potential polygons. Consequently, model variable parameters were adjusted and reapplied in order to ensure that the majority ofknown sites were caught and also to increase the chance that similar, unrecorded sites would be caught. In-field testing ofthe model revealed that the GIS generated potential maps closely predicted the landscape and delineate areas ofarchaeological potential. However, the field tests provided some data upon which refinements for individual models were made. Particularly it was shown that the slope from TRIM maps was too generalized for the Rock Art Model and therefore this model was abandoned. The Squamish AOA has resulted in a series ofmaps which delineate areas of archaeological potential. The final maps are labelled as high, medium or low potential. It is recommended that all areas identified as high potential for archaeological sites be subject to an AlA and areas ofmoderate potential a RECCE. Although not required, it is strongly recommended that RECCEs be conducted under an Archaeology Branch permit so as to maintain a standard methodological approach and quality results. Minimum methodological requirements for both AlAs and RECCEs are presented in the recommendations section ofthis report. Areas defined as high or moderate potential for CMTs only can be subjected to an CMT Inventory as opposed to an AlA or RECCE. CMT inventories can be conducted by forestry personnel and/or First Nations individuals trained in CMT identification and recording. Final Report Squamish Forest District AOA Millennia Research 5 July 30, 1997 Table of Contents PROJECT CREDITS 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 LIST OF FIGURES 10 LIST OF TABLES 10 INTRODUCTION 12 RELEVANT LEGISLATION 14 Information Conjidentiality 14 PROJECT TEAM 16 REPORTFORMAT 18 TERMINOLOOY 19 STUDY OBJECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS 19 Predictive Modeling in Cultural Resource Management 19 THE PREsENT STUDY 22 DISCUSSIONS WITII mE FIRST NATIONS 23 ARCHAEOLOOICALCONSULTATION 23 COMMON THEMES 23 PROPOSED PROJECT 25 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS AND POTENTIALIMPACTS TO ARCHAEOLOOICAL SITES 25 Logging 25 Access Roads 26 Ancillary Developments 26 Reforestation 27 NATURAL FACTORS LEADING TO THE DEGRADATION OR DESTRUCTION OF ARCHAEOLOOICAL SITES 27 Avalanching 27 Landslides 27 Contemporary andAncient Glacial Action 27 Flooding andSpring Run-ofJ. 28 STUDY AREA 29 lNTRoDUCTlON 29 PREsENTBIOPHYSICAL CONTEXT 29 Biogeoclimatic Zones 30 PALAEOGEOGRAPHy 32 Palaeoclimate and Palaeoecology: Models 33 Effects ofPalaeoenvironmental Change on the Archaeological Record 34 Modem Alterations to the Environment 35 • SQUAMISH AOA MEmODOLOGY 39 MODELLING METHODOLOGy 39 PREDICTIVE MODELLING 39 DEFINmONS OF HIGH, MEDIUM AND Low POTENTIAL 40 Final Report Squamish Forest DistrictAOA Millennia Research 7 JUly 30, 1997 GIS Layers and Coverage 40 Dataset1 41 Site Types andModels 43 Dataset11.. 45 Anecdotal Information Layer 45 FIELD WORK METHODOLOGy 46 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH RESULTS 49 ETHNOGRAPHIC LITERATURE REVIEW 49 Linguistic and Cultural Classifications