UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED National Reconnaissance: Journal of The Discipline and Practice The Journal of National Reconnaissance: Winter 2009/2010 Issue 2009-U Articles Protecting Sources and Methods versus the Public’s Right to Know: Setting the Winter 2009/2010 Issue 2009-U Terms for a More Constructive Discussion By Jock Stukes From Camp Incarceration to U.S. National Reconnaissance: The Case of Two Americans of Japanese Ancestry—NRO Pioneer Sam Araki and Former DDNRO Dr. F. Robert Naka By Susan D. Schultz, Ph.D. NRO | MSC UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 10-07500 SPINE/FOLD UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Pioneers of National Reconnaissance Raymond E. Anderson (2008) Fred V. Hellrich (2006) John Parangosky (2000) M. Sam Araki (2004) A.J. Iorillo (2001) Robert L. Paulson (2002) James G. Baker (2000) Robert Kaemmerer (2004) Julius P. Peline (2000) C. Lee Battle, Jr. (2000) Paul G. Kaminski (2007) Robert M. Powell (2000) John T. Bennett (2000) Frederick H. Kaufman (2000) Wayne L. Proffitt (2005) Howard G. Brotherton (2008) David L. Klinger (2006) David Raspet (2003) John W. Browning (2000)§ Robert J. Kohler (2000) Edward H. Reese (2000) Jon H. Bryson (2000) Ellis E. Lapin (2000) Osmond J. Ritland (2000)§ A. Roy Burks (2000) Lloyd K. Lauderdale (2000)§ Lee W. Roberts (2000)§ Frank S. Buzard (2000) Richard S. Leghorn (2000) Vincent S. Rose (2001) James P. Campbell (2009)§ Walter J. Levison (2000)§ Charles R. Roth (2000)§ Cornelius W. Chambers (2000) Howard O. Lorenzen (2000)§ Robert W. Roy (2000) Ingard M. Clausen (2006) Frank J. Madden (2000) Charles P. Spoelhof (2000) Vance D. Coffman (2002) Michael F. Maguire (2009) Forrest H. Stieg (2000) Harvey Cohen (2004) James T. Mannen (2000) Marvin S. Stone (2000) Lacy G. Cook (2009) Roger C. Marsh (2005) James W. Stoner (2003) John O. Copley (2000) Paul W. Mayhew (2000) Don F. Tang (2000) Donald L. Cromer (2001) Reid D. Mayo (2000) Charles C. Tevis (2003)§ Robert H. Crotser (2000) James W. McAnally (2004) John Walton (2001)§ John J. Crowley (2000)§ Edward A. Miller (2005) Albert D. Wheelon (2000) James C. de Broekert (2000) James E. Morgan (2000)§ Peter G. Wilhelm (2000) Robert E. Eisenhauer (2005) Mark N. Morton (2000)§ Sun Yet Wong (2007) Carl L. Ferdensi, Jr. (2003) Alden V. Munson, Jr. (2000) Jane A. Wood (2006) Gary S. Geyer (2000) Charles L. Murphy (2000) Roy H. Worthington (2000) Thomas O. Haig (2000) Frederic C.E. Oder (2000)§ Robert W. Yundt (2000) Lee M. Hammarstrom (2002) Hilliard W. Paige (2008) Founders of National Reconnaissance William O. Baker (2000) Richard L. Garwin (2000) Frank W. Lehan (2000)§ Merton E. Davies (2000) Amrom H. Katz (2000)§ William J. Perry (2000) Sidney D. Drell (2000) James R. Killian, Jr. (2000)§ Edward M. Purcell (2000)§ Edwin H. Land (2000)§ Legacy Alphabetic Program Directors Lew Allen, Jr. (Program A) Leo Geary (Program D) Nathan J. Lindsay (Program A) Bernard L. Bailey (Program D) Robert K. Geiger (Program C) Vernon L. Lowrance (Program C) Thomas C. Betterton (Program C) Robert E. Greer (Program A) John L. Martin, Jr. (Program A) David D. Bradburn (Program A) Frederick J. Harlfinger, II (Program C) Lee Roy Patterson (Program C) Dennis M. Brooks (Program C) Frank W. Hartley, Jr. (Program D) Clason B. Saunders (Program D) Julian Caballero, Jr. (Program B) R. Evans Hineman (Program B) Herbert Scoville, Jr. (Program B) Robert T. Darcy (Program C) Ralph H. Jacobson (Program A) Huntington D. Sheldon (Program B) Leslie C. Dirks (Program B) William G. King (Program A) Jay W. Sprague (Program C) Carl E. Duckett (Program B) John E. Kulpa, Jr. (Program A) Rufus L. Taylor (Program C) Eugene B. Fluckey (Program C) Jack C. Ledford (Program B) Grover M. Yowell (Program C) DNROs, DDNROs, and PDDNROs of National Reconnaissance Edward C. Aldridge, Jr. (DNRO) Ralph S. Haller (PDDNRO) Brockway McMillan (DNRO) Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (DNRO) Jeffrey K. Harris (DNRO) F. Robert Naka (DDNRO) Bruce A. Carlson (DNRO) Robert J. Hermann (DNRO) Ellen M. Pawlikowski (DDNRO) Joseph V. Charyk (DNRO) Jimmie D. Hill (DDNRO) James W. Plummer (DNRO) Charles W. Cook (DDNRO) Donald M. Kerr (DNRO) James Q. Reber (DDNRO) Martin C. Faga (DNRO) Eugene P. Kiefer (DDNRO) Thomas C. Reed (DNRO) Dennis D. Fitzgerald (PDDNRO) David A. Kier (DDNRO) Betty J. Sapp (PDDNRO) Alexander H. Flax (DNRO) Scott F. Large (PDDNRO, DNRO) John T. Sheridan (DDNRO) Donald L. Haas (DDNRO) Hans Mark (DNRO) Robert D. Singel (DDNRO) Keith R. Hall (DDNRO, DNRO) Susan K. Mashiko (DDNRO) Peter B. Teets (DNRO) John L. McLucas (DNRO) § Honored Posthumously UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED NATIO N A L RECO nn AISSA N C E unclassified Editorial Staff Editor Robert A. McDonald, Ph.D. Managing Editor Susan D. Schultz, Ph.D. Assistant Managing Editor Patrick D. Widlake Editorial Support Sharon K. Moreno Design & Layout Media Services Center The Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance (CSNR) publishes National Reconnaissance — Journal of the Discipline and Practice for the information, education, and use of the broader national security community, especially those government and contractor personnel who are involved with national reconnaissance. Our objective is to promote dialogue among these professionals and to identify lessons for them by facilitating a synthesis of the technical, operational, and policy components that define and shape the enterprise of national reconnaissance. Disclaimer: The information in National Reconnaissance may not necessarily reflect the official views of the National Reconnaissance Office, the Intelligence Community, the Department of Defense, or any other U.S. Government entity. Contributions: We on the editorial staff invite authors from the NRO and the extended Intelligence Community — both current government and contractor employees, as well as alums — to submit scholarly articles, commentaries, and book reviews for publication consideration. Your articles for National Reconnaissance may address any doctrinal, theoretical, operational, or historical aspect of the discipline and practice of national reconnaissance. Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance (CSNR): The CSNR is an independent NRO research body that reports to the NRO Deputy Director, Business Plans and Operations. Our primary objective is to ensure that NRO leadership has the analytical framework and historical context to make effective policy and programmatic decisions. We accomplish our mission by promoting the study, dialogue, and understanding of the discipline, practice, and history of national reconnaissance. We chronicle the past, analyze the present, search for lessons for the future, and identify models of excellence that are timeless. Correspondence: You should direct all correspondence related to National Reconnaissance to: Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance National Reconnaissance Office/BPO 14675 Lee Road Chantilly, VA 20151 703-488-4733 Internet: [email protected] ISSN 1557-0304 ii unclassified unclassified NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE JOUrnAL OF THE DISCIPLINE And Pr ACTICE Winter 2009/2010 Issue 2009-U Columns 1 Editor’s Commentary Articles 7 Protecting Sources and Methods versus the Public’s Right to Know: Setting the Terms for a More Constructive Discussion Jock Stukes Jock Stukes of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) Office of Inspector General discusses the challenges and complexities of properly classifying and declassifying intelligence information, where the need to protect vital national security secrets by limiting data dissemination seems in conflict with the principle of the public’s right to know what its government is doing. The Obama administration has given the discussion heightened visibility by making information disclosure a policy priority, with the President calling for greater transparency and accountability in government. The White House’s 21 January 2009 memo on the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) stated, “All agencies should adopt a presumption in favor of disclosure…to usher in a new era of open government.” In this article, Stukes examines the policies governing data classification and explains the difficulties NRO and Intelligence Community (IC) staffs have with complying with FOIA and Mandatory Declassification requests. He argues that contrary to charges by public interest groups that the IC must be forced to reveal any details about its activities, the IC agencies actually have initiated most of the substantive public disclosures of intelligence information, and their failure to meet mandated response times on some FOIA or declassification actions results more from lack of resources than from deliberate non-compliance. unclassified iii NATIO N A L RECO nn AISSA N C E unclassified 27 From Camp Incarceration to U.S. National Reconnaissance: The Case of Two Americans of Japanese Ancestry–NRO Pioneer Sam Araki and Former DDNRO Dr. F. Robert Naka Susan D. Schultz, Ph.D. Using the mass internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II as historical backdrop, Dr. Susan D. Schultz, Chief of Research, Studies, and Analysis at the Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance (CSNR), relates the experiences of national reconnaissance pioneer Sam Araki and former NRO Deputy Director Robert Naka, both interned as youths in wartime relocation camps, to highlight their innovative and lasting contributions to a national reconnaissance capability. Dr. Schultz reviews the historical record to show how the U.S. government established a policy enabling it to forcibly remove and incarcerate any alien or citizen of Japanese ancestry without trial or due process