NGĀ WHENU RANGA TAHI: DRAWING FROM MĀORI PRINCPLES OF WELLBEING: TRANSFORMING ONLINE SYNCHRONOUS TEACHING AND LEARNING OF TE REO MĀORI A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in the University of Canterbury by Te Hurinui Renata Karaka-Clarke The University of Canterbury 2020 Dedication “Tātai whetū ki te rangi mau tonu, mau tonu. Tātai tangata ki te whenua ngaro noa, ngaro noa.” Mā ngā tini whetū e arataki mai ana, moe mai rā. i Acknowledgements Ehara taku toa i te toa takitahi, engari he toa takitini. Maringi noa atu taku aroha ki te takitini i tautoko mai, i tū hei pou mōku kia whakawātea ai ki te aro ki tēnei tuhingaroa nei. Kua whakaraupapatia tēnei tuhinga i runga anō i te kōrero mō Tāne Nui ā Rangi me tāna pikinga ki runga, ki ngā rangitūhāhā, kia riro iho ai ngā kete o te wānanga. I pikitia e ia mā Te Toi Huarewa. Mō tēnei tuhingaroa, e whā ngā whenu tō Te Toi Huarewa. E whā hoki ngā whenu Ranga Tahi i herea mai kia tika ai, kia pono hoki ai tāku ekenga ki runga. Tērā te auahi … Ko te whenu tuatahi, ko te wāhi ngaro. Ka hotu tonu a Manawa, ka rere noa mai a Roimata me Hupē ki a koutou e kui mā, e koro mā e roa rawa e takoto tiraha ana. E haehaetia tonutia ana a Kiri, kua mamae tonu a Ngākau mōhou e te tuahine a Mereheeni. Kei tua o te pae tirohanga engari te pae o mahara tonu koutou katoa. E kui mā, e koro mā, Mereheeni tēnā koutou e tiaki mai ana i taku tuarā. Ia te taenga atu, ia te taenga atu ki ngā taero a Kupe, kua rangona te wairua o te aroha e auahi mai ana. Kua rongo hoki i ā koutou kupu whakahau, “E tama, kia kaha! Me pērā ai koe ki a Tāne Nui ā Rangi me te hiringa i te mahara. Aua kia eke, eke panuku, eke tangaroa!” Ko tāku ki a koutou, kua tutuki, kua ea. Arohanui, moe mai rā. Unuhia te pou … Ko te whenu tuarua, ko ōku pou whirinaki. E te pou tūārongo Una, tēnā koe. E te poutokomanawa Tiheia Maunga tēnā koe. E te poumua Aoraki Matatū, tēnā koe. E te pou kaiāwha Jo, tēnā anō hoki koe. Nā koutou ahau i arahi, i poipoi, i whāngai kia eke pai ai ki te karamatamata o Angitu. Nā ō koutou kaha, nā ō koutou manawanui, nā ō koutou matatau ki tēnei ao mātauranga kua whakairohia tōku ake pou. Nā reira, kei ngā pou o taku whare, tēnā koutou katoa. Ko te whirika o te taura takata … Ko te whenu tuatoru, ko ōku taupua. Kei aku nui o te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, koutou kua kaha tautoko mai, tēnā koutou katoa. Nā koutou e Te Whakatohea, Kāti Huirapa, Ngāti Whātua ki Kaipara, Te Aitanga a Māhaki, Ngāti Raukawa aku mahi i waha kia whakawātea ai koutou i tēnei ki te whai wāhi ki te tuhituhi. Koia rā te tino taura takata e here nei tātou i a tātou, arā ko te taura o te aroha. Ka tika, ka tuku mihi hoki ki ngā tangata, arā ko ngā kaiuiui huri noa. Tēnā koutou mō ō koutou manawanui ki te noho i taku taha ki te kōrero mō tēnei kaupapa. Kāore he kaupapa mēnā kāore he tangata e whakaae mai ki te tuku kōrero, ki te whakawhiti whakaaro. Ko te manako ia ka whai huruhuru tēnei tuhinga i roto i ā koutou mahi, kia rere. Nō reira, kei aku rahi arohanui ki a koutou katoa. He toka tū moana Ko te whenu tuawhā, ko taku manawa. Nei te mihi whakamiha ki a koe e te tau pūmau. Wehea ana au i te reka o te aroha. He marere nui hei puawai, e tātai atu ki tō uma. Pōkarekare ana te ii wairua o Mauao me Tarawera, ā, kapakapa ana te manawa ki runga Tauranga Moana. Ka tū a Kōpū i te awatea, ko Meremere i te pō. E kui, ahakoa ngā piki me ngā heke, ahakoa te pari me te timu o te tai, i tū Mauao tonu. Nāhau anō a Hirikapo i whakakoi, a Tuarā i mirimiri, a Whānau i tiaki, a Wairua i whakatau. Nā reira, e taku toka tū moana, tēnā rawa atu ki a koe. Figure 1 He Tohu mō Ngā Whenu Ranga Tahi Kei aku whakatamarahi ki te rangi, kei aku whakateitei ki te whenua, kua whiria ngā whenu e whā. Mei kore koutou, ka kore rawa a Te Hurinui tēnei mahi e tutuki, e oti. Ahakoa he iti te mihi, he nui te aroha. Matakorokoro ana te reo o mihi ki a koutou katoa, tēnā koutou, tēnā koutou, tēnā koutou katoa. iii He Whakamāramatanga mō te Tohu o Ngā Whenu Ranga Tahi Nā Claire Robertshaw (2020) the tohu nei i tā. Ahakoa kāore tēnei tūmomo rāranga i kitea whanuitia, ka kite i ngā kakau o te poi. He uaua ake ki te rāranga i ngā whenu e whā heoi anō he rerekē tōna āhua, ā ki ahau nei he pai ake tōna āhua i ngā whenu e toru. E whā ngā tikanga mo te whakapapa o tēnei tohu. Tuatahi, i pupū ake te whakaaro mō te tohu i runga anō i ngā kōrero mō Tāne Nui ā Rangi rānei, mō Tāwhaki rānei me tō rāua pikinga ki ngā rangitūhāhā. Mā hea rāua i piki ai? Mā Te Aka Matua rānei, mā Te Toi Huarewa rānei. E kīa nei, ko te aka mātua te ara tika kia tutuki ai i ō rāua wawata. E mōhio mārika ana i a ia e rapu haere ana i ngā rangitūhāhā mō tōna hoa rangatira me tāna tamaiti i kitea ngā kete o te wānanga. Koinā, i riro iho ai, ā i puta mai te mātauranga ō roto ki te whai ao, ki te ao mārama. Ko te Aka Matua, ko Te Toi Huarewa ngā hononga mō tēnei tuhingaroa. Tuarua, e whā ngā whenu o te taura nei. Kei tā ia te whenu, ia te whenu tāna ake kōrero, engari e hāngai ana ki ngā whakamāramatanga mō te Whare Tapa Whā. Nō Hirikapo te whenu pango arā ko te Taha Hinengaro. Ka wānanga te tangata ki a ia anō, nōna ake ngā whakaaro tē taea te kite, ā māna anō e whakatau āhea ōna whakaaro e whakaputa atu ki te whai ao, ki te ao mārama. Nō te taiao te whenu parauri e whakatinana ana i ngā whakaaro o Hirikapo arā nō Tinana anō te whenu parauri. Nō Te Taha Whānau te whenu whero e whakaatu ana i te manawa e hotu ana i te hekenga toto hoki e hono nei i te whānau. Nō Te Taha Wairua te whenu kārerarera. He pūatata tōna āhua, he rite ki ngā mea o te ao wairua. Koinā ngā whakamāramatanga mō ngā āhua o ia te whenu o te taura nei. Tuatoru, ko te ngoikore o te taura he tohu mō te kaha o te taura. Mēna e ngoikore tētahi o ōna whenu kua ngoikore haere tōna katoa. Mā ngā whenu pakari te mahi o te whenu ngoikore e āwhina, e tautoko, e manaaki, e kawe hoki. Ki te kore ngā whenu pakari te whenu ngoikore e manaaki, auare ake! Heoi anō, ki te pakari haere anō taua whenu ka pakari anō te katoa o te taura. Koinei hoki te āhua o te tangata, he rite ki te whakamāramatanga mō Te Whare Tapa Whā. Tuawhā, e whā ngā whenu o te taura nei, e whā ngā pātai o tēnei rangahau, ā e whā anō hoki ngā whakautu. Tēnā koutou katoa. iv Contents Dedication ............................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ ii He Whakamāramatanga Mō Te Tohu O Ngā Whenu Ranga Tahi ....................................... iv List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ xi List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... xii Abstract ................................................................................................................................ xv Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 He Karakia (A Chant) .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................ 4 1.3 A Metaphor .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Te Kākano: The Seed ................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Te Pihinga: Growing Up ............................................................................................ 17 1.6 Te Māhuri: My Educational Journey ......................................................................... 20 1.5.1 Kia Ū Ki Te Pai: Hold Fast to that Which Is Good ......................................................... 22 1.5.2 Per Aspera Ad Astrum: Through Adversity to the Stars .................................................. 23 1.5.3 Ad Astra Per Aspera: Whāia Te Iti Kahurangi: to the Stars Through Hard Work. .......... 24 1.7 Te Kōhure: Adulthood ............................................................................................... 25 1.8 He Taonga Tuku Iho: Treasures from the Past .......................................................... 32 1.9 Kei Tua O Te Pae: an Overview of This Thesis ........................................................ 36 1.10 Summary .................................................................................................................. 39 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................... 40 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 40 2.1 An Overview of the Decline in the Use of Te Reo Māori.......................................... 40 2.2 Population, Structure and Language Use ................................................................... 44 v 2.3 Revitalising Te Reo Māori ......................................................................................... 46 2.4 Distance Learning. ..................................................................................................... 48 2.5 Te Taha Hinengaro: Cognitive Presence. ................................................................... 49 2.5.1 The