RANSYLVANIAN EVIEW Vol. XXVII T R No. 4 /REVUE DE TRANSYLVANIE Winter 2018 Contents/Sommaire ROMANIAN ACADEMY Chairman: • Paradigms Academician Ioan-Aurel Pop The Impact of the Great War on Demographic Events in Transylvania 3 CENTER FOR Daniela Mârza TRANSYLVANIAN STUDIES The Union of Bukovina with Romania in 1918 16 Constantin Ungureanu From the National Assembly in Blaj to the Great National Assembly in Alba Iulia: Church and Nationality 31 Ioan Bolovan Sorina Paula Bolovan • Profile L’héritage de Maiorescu 45 Marta Petreu Octavian C. Tãslãuanu (1876–1942) 58 George-Bogdan Tofan Adrian Niþã • Transsilvanica Early Banknotes of the Habsburg Empire and Their Circulation in Transylvania Until the Establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Dualism 74 Sorina Botiº Changes in the Leadership of the Petru Maior Student Center of Cluj (Spring 1923) 87 Maria Ghitta Under the Sign of Malnutrition: Economic and Propaganda Policies in Romania at the End of the 1980s. Case Study: Bihor County 100 Gabriel Moisa Corina Moisa On the cover: • Tangencies Postcard (1914), Die Banater Berg- und Hüttenwerke und Domänen IULIU MOISIL collection, file 114, Bistriþa-Nãsãud County Division in der offiziellen Photographie der StEG (1858-1873) 112 of the National Archives of Romania Cristian Oliviu Gaidoº • Literature Transylvanian Review continues the Utopia and Uchronia: tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, From Thomas More to H. G. Wells 126 founded by Silviu Dragomir, which was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu Lucian-Vasile Szabo between 1934 and 1944. Plus moderne que les modernistes 137 Transylvanian Review is published Marius Nenciulescu quarterly by the Center for Transylvanian Studies and the Romanian Academy. • Book Reviews EDITORIAL BOARD ANDREW TAIT JARBOE and RICHARD S. FOGARTY, eds., CESARE ALZATI, Ph.D. Empires in World War I: Shifting Frontiers Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Istituto and Imperial Dynamics in a Global Conflict di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea, Università Cattolica, Milan, Italy (reviewed by Raluca Botoş) 144 HORST FASSEL, Ph.D. FABIEN THÉOFILAKIS, ed., Cote à côte: Berry-au-Bac Institut für donauschwäbische Geschichte dans la Première Guerre mondiale: Perspectives und Landeskunde, Tübingen, Germany KONRAD GÜNDISCH, Ph.D. franco-allemandes sur les fronts de l’Aisne Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte (reviewed by Iuliu-Marius Morariu) 147 der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, Oldenburg, Germany ADRIAN ONOFREIU and Cornelia Vlaşin, eds., HARALD HEPPNER, Ph.D. Rãzboiul din spatele tranşeelor: Contribuþii documentare Institut für Geschichte, Graz, Austria referitoare la judeþul Bistriþa-Nãsãud PAUL E. MICHELSON, Ph.D. (reviewed by Iuliu-Marius Morariu) 148 Huntington University, Indiana, USA MoMčilo Pavlović, Ph.D. HARALD HEPPNER, ed., Umbruch mit Schlachtenlärm: Director of the Institute of Contemporary Siebenbürgen und der Erste Weltkrieg History, Belgrade, Serbia (reviewed by Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan) 149 ALEXANDRU ZUB, Ph.D. Academician, honorary director of A. D. CHRIsta HÄMMERLE, OSWALD ÜBEREGGER, and BIRGItta Xenopol Institute of History, Iaºi, Romania BADER ZaaR, eds., Gender and the First World War EDITORIAL STAFF (reviewed by Angela Cristina Lumezeanu) 153 Ioan-Aurel Pop Daniela Mârza Ioan Bolovan Robert-M. Mihalache OUIS OSEPH IONNET L J V , Retragerea lui Napoleon Raveca Divricean Alexandru Simon din Rusia: Memoriile maiorului Vionnet, 1812 Maria Ghitta Florian D. Soporan (reviewed by Florian Dumitru Soporan) 156 Rudolf Gräf George State Virgil Leon • Contributors 160 Translated by Bogdan Aldea—English Liana Lãpãdatu—French This issue of the Transylvanian Review Desktop Publishing has been published with the support Edith Fogarasi of Babeº-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca. Cosmina Varga Publication indexed and abstracted in the Correspondence, manuscripts and books should be sent to: Transylvanian Review, ® Thomson Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index Centrul de Studii Transilvane and in Arts & Humanities Citation Index®, (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and included in EBSCO’s and ELSEVIER’s products. 12–14 Mihail Kogãlniceanu St., Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania. ISSN 1221-1249 All material copyright © 2018 by the Center for Transylvanian Studies and the Printed in Romania by COLOR PRINT Romanian Academy. Reproduction or use 66, 22 Decembrie 1989 St., without written permission is prohibited. Zalãu 450031, Romania [email protected] Tel. (0040)260-660598 www.centruldestudiitransilvane.ro paRADIGMS The Impact of the Great War on Demographic D AN I ELA M Â R ZA Events in Transylvania The war disrupted the fam- WORLD WAR I greatly affected fam- ily’s natural rhythms, which ily structures, both in the years of the ensured both the perpetuation conflict and in the following decades— the loss of human lifes, the decline in of future generations and birth rates, the increase in mortality, the the transmission of specific ravages of epidemics, emigration, popu- lation movements, the increase in the cultural values. number of widows and orphans.1 There were imbalances in the number of men and women, as well as in age distribu- tion; postwar reconstruction became the task of an aging active population, diminished by losses on the battlefront; the dramatic decline in birth rates caused economic and social damage, the ef- fect of which was felt for decades.2 The Great War determined, thus, significant changes in the practices and behaviors of individuals. Due to the 100th anniversary of the great conflagration, researchers Daniela Mârza have raised the issue of its impact on Senior researcher at the Center for the affected population. Currently, Transylvanian Studies of the Romanian hundreds of studies and volumes are Academy. available on general population trends 4 • TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW • VOL. XXVII, NO. 4 (WINTER 2018) in the regions affected by the war, or on specific issues. Chief among them are some thematic numbers of prestigious magazines: Annales de démographie histo- rique 1 (103)(2002), entitled “La Population dans la Grande Guerre” (which brings together articles on the causes of mortality both on and off the battle- fields, on the effect of migration, epidemics and diseases on population etc.); Journal of the International Society for First World War Studies 5, 1 (2014), en- titled “Humanitarianism in the Era of the First World War,” dedicated to the humanitarian dimension of the war, to the victims (wounded, widows, orphans, veterans) and to social assistance measures. Most of these studies address issues with the strongest and most visible im- pact. The causes of mortality in the years of the war, besides those strictly related to the battlefields, were thoroughly researched, highlighting the impact of mate- rial deprivations, diseases and epidemics, of the poor general condition of the population.3 The notion of “war losses” has been extended from fallen soldiers to all population losses due to declining birth rates and civilian deaths.4 The population of the states involved in the war was also affected by complex phenomena, with multiple causes and consequences, such as migration, depor- tation, the internment of defeated soldiers, which contributed to the chaos and disintegration of the old world.5 RANSYLVANIA, AS a part of Austria-Hungary until 1918, suffered deeply the consequences of the war. No battles took place in its territory, except T for August–October of 1916, when several border regions found them- selves on the path of the Romanian army’s offensive. Transylvania was, how- ever, affected by the difficulties of the war: the massive conscription of the men, a drastic drop in the quality of life, a dramatic increase in the prices of food and consumer goods, etc. Between 1 August 1914 and 1 November 1918, 926,500 men aged between 18 and 50 were conscripted in Transylvania, representing 16.5% of the province’s population.6 With the departure of so many men, eco- nomic activities were left to women, children and the elderly, which led to the disruption of economic life. The government made numerous requisitions, essential goods became in- creasingly harder to obtain, bread was of very poor quality, meat was scarce, food and other goods were heavily rationed; even the bells of the churches were requisitioned (melted down in order to make cannons), and a great part of the Romanian elite was conscripted and sent to the front, or was interned in Hunga- ry for easier supervision, especially after Romania’s entry into the war in 1916. Political pressure was added to economic difficulties: from an ethnic point of view, the population of Transylvania was composed mostly of Romanians, then of Hungarians, Germans, Gypsies etc.; although a minority in Transylva- PARADIGMS • 5 nia, the Hungarians held the dominant position in government, politics and the economy, a cause of old and strong resentment and frustration among the Romanians. As to the latter, during the war, their loyalty to the cause of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was regarded with suspicion, a situation aggravated by the fact that the neighboring state, the Kingdom of Romania, was in the enemy camp. During the Romanian campaign in Transylvania, a large part of the population fled, seeking refuge inland; the Hungarians were also afraid of the hostility of the Romanians. At the end of this campaign, after the retreat of the Romanian army, the Hungarian government retaliated against a part of their own citizens of Romanian ethicity, suspected of collaborating with the enemy.7 Most of the articles and books available on this topic cover