THE 1980-1982 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM IN WASHINGTON by Michael A. Korosec, William M. Phillips, and J. Eric Schuster with contributions from Z.F. Danes, J.H. Biggane, P.E. Hammond, and G.A. Clayton With chapters on thermal springs, gravity investigations, heat-flow drilling, low-temperature resources in eastern Washington, geology of the south Cascades and White Pass areas, and targets for geothermal resource exploration Washington State Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Olympia, Washington 98504 Open File Report 83-7 Prepared Under U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC07-79ET27014 August 1983 THE 1980-1982 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM IN WASHINGTON by Michael A. Korosec, William M. Phillips, and J. Eric Schuster with contributions from Z.F. Danes, J.H. Biggane, P.E. Hammond, and G.A. Clayton With chapters on thermal springs, gravity investigations, heat-flow drilling, low-temperature resources in eastern Washington, geology of the south Cascades and White Pass areas, and targets for geothermal resource exploration Washington State Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Olympia, Washington 98504 Open File Report 83-7 Prepared Under U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC07-79ET27014 August 1983 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 2. Geothermal program publications 5 3. Surveys and geochemical analyses of thermal and mineral springs in Washington, 1980-1981 by Michael A. Korosec 8 Introduction 9 Methods 10 Results 11 Discussion 21 Individual spring system investigations 34 Ahtanum Soda Springs 35 Geothermal features 35 Geology 36 Heat flow 37 Comments 37 Bumping River Soda Springs 38 Geothermal features 38 Geology 39 Heat flow 39 Comments 40 Flaming Geyser Springs 41 Geothermal features . 41 Geology 42 Heat flow 43 Comments 43 Goldmeyer Hot Springs 44 Geothermal features 44 Geology 45 Heat flow 45 Comments 46 Government Mineral and Little Soda Springs 47 Geothermal features 47 Geology 49 Heat flow 50 Comments 50 Klickitat Mineral Springs 51 Geothermal features 51 Geology 53 Heat flow 53 Comment 54 Rock Creek Hot Springs 55 Geothermal features 55 Geology 56 Heat flow 57 Comments 57 Scenic Hot Springs 58 Geothermal features 58 Geology 60 Heat Flow 61 Comments 61 St. Martins (Carson) and Shipherds Hot Springs... 62 Geothermal features 62 Geology..... 63 Heat flow 64 Comments 65 References 66 4. Progress report for the regional gravity survey of the Cascade Mountain Range, Washington, by William M. Phillips 68 Introduction 69 Discussion 69 Conclusion 77 References... 78 5. Preliminary interpretation of regional gravity information from the southern Cascade Mountains of Washington, by William M. Phillips . 79 Introduction 80 Regional geology 81 Regional gravity patterns 91 Interpretation of gravity data 93 Discussion 109 Conclusion 116 References 118 6. Heat-Flow Drilling in Washington during 1981, by Michael A. Korosec and J. Eric Schuster 120 Introduction 121 Results 123 Description of units penetrated by drill holes 123 Scenic No. 1 123 Scenic No. 2 123 Snoqualmie No. 1 152 Snoqualmie No. 2 152 White River 152 Clear Creek 153 Sand Ridge 153 Tieton Willows 153 Trout Creek 154 Carson 154 Klickitat 155 North Bonneville Nos. 1, 2, and 3 155 References 157 7. The low temperature geothermal resources of Eastern Washington, by Michael A. Korosec, William M. Phillips, and J. Eric Schuster 159 Introduction 160 Past work and some inherent problems 161 Data sources 161 Bottom hole temperature 162 Surface temperature 163 New data collection 164 Data manipulation 164 Cascades 167 Columbia Basin 175 Yakima and Ahtanum-Simcoe areas 175 Moses Lake-Ritzville-Connell areas 176 Lincoln 176 Douglas 1 77 Horse Heaven Hills 177 Lower Yakima Valley 177 Walla Walla 177 Other areas 178 Conclusion 178 References 179 8. Progress Report of the Time-Space-Composition Model for the Quaternary Volcanics of the South Cascades, Washington, by Paul E. Hammond and Michael A. Korosec 180 Introduction 181 Work to date 182 Discussion 182 Future work 1 90 References 191 9. Pliocene and Pleistocene Volcanic History of the White Pass-Tumac Plateau Region, Washington by Geoffrey A. Clayton 192 Introduction 193 Regional geology 194 Pliocene and Pleistocene volcanism 196 Rhyolites (and basalt) of the Devils Horns 201 Field occurrence 203 Rock description 205 Geologic relations and significance 205 Devils Washbasin basalt 206 Porphyritic andesite of the Goat Rocks volcano 208 Field occurrence 209 Rock description 210 Geologic relations and significance 210 Dacite porphyry 213 Field occurrence 213 Rock description 214 Geologic relations and significance 215 Hogback Mountain mafic magma-type: olivine-bearing basalts and basaltic-andesites 218 Field occurrence 221 Rock description 223 Geologic relations and significance 225 Hornblende andesites 228 Field occurrence 230 Rock description 236 Geologic relations and significance 238 Summary of Pliocene and Pleistocene volcanism 240 References 245 10. Geohydrologic Studies of the Yakima Valley Area, Washington, by John H. Biggane and Division of Geology and Earth Resources staff 252 Introduction 253 Previous geothermal work 255 Ground-water hydrology of the Yakima region 255 The sedimentary aquifer 255 The basalt aquifer 256 The sedimentary interbeds (Selah, Mabton, Quincy(?), Squaw Creek, and Vantage members).. 256 Temperature data 257 Discussion of results 258 Determination of geothermal gradients in the Yakima region 258 Conclusions 262 References 267 11. Geothermal Resource Targets: Progress and Proposals by Michael A. Korosec 268 Introduction 269 Geothermal target area descriptions 269 Olympic and Sol Duc Hot Springs 269 Glacier Peak 272 Mount Baker 274 Central Cascades 275 South Cascades 277 Columbia Gorge-Wind River area 279 Goat Rocks 282 Mount Adams 283 Mount Rainier 284 Mount St. Helens 284 Simcoe Mountains and Klickitat area 286 Tumac Mountain-White Pass area 287 References 291 12. Additions to the Bibliography of Geothermal Resource MichaeInformatiol A.n Korosefor thc e State of Washington, by 294 FIGURES Figure 3-1. Trilinear plot of percentage of reacting anions for thermal and mineral springs and wells of Washington ... 33 4-1. Number of gravity stations per 5 square miles in the Cascade study area 70 4-2. Comparison of Hammer zone sectors with 30 second digital terrain blocks 75 5-1. Index map showing location of the southern Cascade Mountains study area and major geologic elements of the Cascade Mountain Range 82 5-2. Geologic map of the southern Cascade Mountains study area 83 5-3. Tectonic map of the southern Cascade Mountains study area showing location of major faults and fold axes.... 90 5-4. Compilation gravity anomaly map of the Pacific Northwest 92 5-5. Gravity and structural profile along section line 94 5-6. CascadComplete e MountainBouguer s gravity anomaly map of the southern 95 5-7. Regional Bouguer gravity anomaly map of the southern Cascade Mountains 98 5-8. Residual Bouguer gravity anomaly map of the southern Cascade Mountains 100 5-9. Section A-A' 101 5-10. Section B-B' 103 5-11 . Section C-C' 104 5-12. Section D-D' 106 5-13. Section E-E' 108 6-1. RangeLocatio, n198 ma1 p for heat-flow drill holes, Cascade 122 6-2. Composite temperature-depth plots for Scenic No. 1, Scenic No. 2, Snoqualmie No. 1, Snoqualmie No. 2, and White River drill holes 135 Figure 6-3. Composite temperature-depth plots for Clear Creek, Sand Ridge, Tieton Willows, Trout Creek, Carson, and Klickitat drill holes 136 6-4. Composite temperature-depth plots for North Bonneville No. 1, North Bonneville No. 2, and North Bonneville No. 3 drill holes 137 6-5. Temperature-depth plot for Scenic No. 1 drill hole 138 6-6. Temperature-depth plot for Scenic No. 2 drill hole 139 6-7. Temperature-depth plot for Snoqualmie No. 1 drill hole 140 6-8. Temperature-depth plot for Snoqualmie No. 2 drill hole 141 6-9. Temperature-depth plot for White River drill hole 142 6-10. Temperature-depth plot for Clear Creek drill hole 143 6-11. Temperature-depth plot for Sand Ridge drill hole 144 6-12. Temperature-depth plot for Tieton Willows drill hole... 145 6-13. Temperature-depth plot for Trout Creek drill hole 146 6-14. Temperature-depth plot for Carson drill hole 147 6-15. Temperature-depth plot for Klickitat drill hole 148 6-16. drilTemperature-deptl hole h plot for North Bonneville No. 1 149 6-17. Temperature-depth plot for North Bonneville No. 2 drill hole 150 6-18. Temperature-depth plot for North Bonneville No. 3 drill hole 151 Figure 7-1. Temperature gradient contour map of Washington 168 7-2. Low-temperature geothermal resource areas in Washington 169 8-1. Index map showing zones of volcanism and project area in southern Washington Cascade Range 183 8-2. Mount St. Helens zone: Elk Pass-Marble Mountain- Soda Peaks-Trout Creek Hill-Mowich Butte 186 8-3. Indian Heaven zone: E. Canyon Creek, Steamboat Mountain-Lemei Rock-Red Mountain-Cedar Creek 187 8-4. Mount Adams zone: Walupt L.-King Mountain-Quigley Butte-Gilmer-Snowden 188 8-5. Columbia River Gorge zone: Prune Hill-Bobs Mountain- Beacon Rock-Underwood Mountain-McCoy Flat 189 9-1. Distribution of pre-Tertiary rocks 195 9-2. Summary of age data for the Pliocene and Quaternary volcanoes of the White Pass area 199 9-3. Location map of important outcrops of Pliocene to Pleistocene age igneous rocks 202 9-4. Location map of hornblende andesite and Hogback Mountain mafic magma-type vents and significant outcrops of these associated rock types 219 9-5. Schematic cross-section through the Pleistocene volcanic rocks in the White Pass-Tumac Plateau area ... 242 10-1. Location of study area 254 10-2. Plofor t welof l bottodatam grouholpe 4temperatur e vs. bottom hole depth 259 10-3. Plot of bottom hole temperature vs.